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  • 1
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Manganese nodules from the Kane Gap (a deep sea channel connecting the Sierra Leone and Gambia Basins off West Africa) were investigated chemically and dated by10Be along cross-sections. Comparing the nodule structure with the stratigraphy of the related sediments, the following conclusions are drawn concerning the sedimentation processes during the last 4 to 6×106 years: The growth of the nodules started about 4 to 4.5 Ma before present during or near to the end of a period of erosion on a fossil-free, probably Miocene sediment. During the first phase of only a few hundred thousandyears, the nodules grew very quickly (7 to 〉18 mm/Ma). Fe-rich hydrogenetic material formed the internal sections of the nodules during this time. Slowing down of the bottom currents, resulting in deposition of thin sediment covers for short intervals, caused the character of the nodules to change to a more diagenetic composition. The growth rates were reduced to about 1 to 2 mm/Ma. The time of slowing is roughly 3 to 4 Ma BP. Probable uncertainties of the dating and growth rates resulting from supposed changes of the10Be supply to the nodules due to variations of the near bottom environment are discussed.
    Abstract: Résumé Le «Kana Gap» est un chenal sous-marin qui relie les bassins de Sierra Leone et de Gambie, au large de l'Afrique occidentale. Des nodules de manganèse, recueillis le long de profils transversaux dans ce chenal, ont fait l'objet d'une étude chimique et d'une détermination d'âge10Be. La comparaison entre la structure des nodules et la stratigraphie des sédiments sous-jacents permet de tirer les conclusions suivantes relatives au processus sédimentaire au cours des 4 à 6 derniers Ma. La croissance des nodules a commencé il y a environ 4 à 4,5 Ma pendant ou juste après un épisode d'érosion sous-marine sur des sédiments non fossilifères, probablement miocènes. Au cours d'une première phase d'une durée de quelques centaines de milliers d'années, la croissance a été très rapide (7 à 〉 18 mm par Ma) avec formation de la partie centrale du nodule, constituée de matière hydrogénée riche en Fe. Ensuite, après ralentissement des courants de fond et dépôt probable d'une mince couche de sédiment, le caractère des nodules a évolué vers une composition plus diagénétique, avec réduction du taux de croissance à 1 à 2 mm par Ma. Le moment de ce changement de régime doit se situer entre 3 et 4 Ma. Des changements dans les conditions de milieu sur le fond de la mer pourraient avoir provoqué une variation de la quantité de10Be apportée aux nodules, d'où résulterait une incertitude sur l'estimation des âges et du taux de croissance; cette question est discutée par les auteurs.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung An Manganknollen aus der Kane-Lücke, dem Verbindungskanal zwischen Sierra Leone Becken und Gambia Becken (vor W-Afrika) wurden entlang Querprofilen durch mehrere Knollen chemische Untersuchungen und10Be Altersbestimmungen durchgeführt. Durch Vergleich des Aufbaus der Knollen mit der Stratigraphie des unterlagernden Sediments werden Rückschlüsse auf Veränderungen des Sedimentationsgeschehens während der letzten 4–6×106 Jahre gezogen. Hiernach begann das Wachstum der Knollen vor maximal 4.5×106 Jahren während oder gegen Ende einer Erosionsphase auf fossilfreiem, vermutlich miozänem Sediment. Während der ersten Phase wuchsen die Knollen über wenige 100000 Jahre sehr schnell (7 bis〉18 mm/106 Jahre). Hierbei schied sich Fe-reiche Knollensubstanz hydrogener Zusammensetzung ab. Nach Verringerung der Strömung und vermutlich zeitweiser Bildung von dünnen Sedimentschleiern änderte sich der Charakter der Knollen zu mehr diagnetischer Zusammensetzung bei wesentlich reduziertem Wachstum (ca. 1 bis 2 mm/106 Jahre). Der Zeitpunkt der Umstellung ist nur sehr grob zu ermitteln, er dürfte etwa zwischen 3 und 4×106 Jahren vor heute liegen. Eventuelle Unsicherheiten bei der Datierung und den Wachstumsraten, die möglicherweise aus milieubedingten Änderungen in der10Be Versorgung der Knollen resultieren, werden diskutiert.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Vitamin B and C in tablets ; Experimental design ; Optimization of separation ; Multiple regression modeling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The ion-pair liquid-chromatographic separation of the water-soluble vitamins thiamine mononitrate, riboflavin phosphate, nicotinamide, pyridoxine hydrochloride, ascorbic acid, saccharin, and the dye Sunset Yellow FCF (E110) has been examined for the analysis of the compounds in effervescent tablets. A Draper-Lin small composite design was used to study the impact on the compounds' retention times and peak-widths (the response variables) of four different mobile phase variables: percentage of methanol as organic modifier, the concentrations of hexanesulfonate as ion pairing reagent and of triethanolamine as competitive base, and pH. The interactions of these variables were also studied. The proposed design enabled derivation of multiple linear regression equations to model each compound's retention time and peak-width at half-height. The statistical reliability of the regression models was established by comparing predicted and experimental values. By introducing the regression models into a spreadsheet program (Excel 5.0), retention times and peak-widths for each compound were calculated at fixed mobile phase pH. The values of all the other combinations of the three mobile phase variables were changed in increments of two units within their examined boundaries, resulting in 225 different rows. For each combination the compounds' calculated retention times and their corresponding peak-widths were sorted in increasing order and the resolution between successive peaks was calculated. The minimum effective resolution (R s min) between each pair of peaks and the maximum retention time (t R max) in each row were then selected and used to construct contour plots indicating the location of zones of mobile phase parameter combinations whereR s min〉1.5 and the analysis was rugged, and wheret R max values were minimum. Their common regions resulted in optimum chromatographic separations. Examples are shown of chromatographic separations obtained using mobile phase combinations which were the best compromise of the three criteria selected.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 4 (1854), S. 157-160 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Optimization ; Mixture design ; Special cubic polynomial model ; Pareto-optimality ; Overlapping resolution mapping (ORM)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A systematic approach, using a mixture-design statistical technique, has been developed for selecting the optimum mobile phase for the separation of fat-soluble vitamins in reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. A quaternary mixture of methanol, acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran and water was used as mobile phase. Retention time and peak width were recorded in ten runs augmented with five replicates and the data were subsequently fitted to special cubic polynomial models. The resulting mathematical equations enabled prediction of resolution over the entire parameter space. Contour plots of minimum effective resolution and maximum retention time as a function of mobile phase composition are presented and discussed. Visual inspection of these plots provides an overview of the quality of the separation and the analysis time required for each possible mobile-phase composition with n the parameter space. It is demonstrated that the methodology followed was an important tool which enabled the taking of informed decisions necessary for selection of the optimum mobile phase for a chromatographic separation. A combination ofR S minimum andt R maximum as optimization criteria in a multicriteria decision-making plot using pareto-optimality concept is discussed. This combination enabled visual demonstration of the compromise between separation quality and the economics of analysis time. Our methodology has been compared with the common used technique of ‘overlapping resolution mapping’.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 18 (1977), S. 110-114 
    ISSN: 1432-0800
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Stomach, small intestine contents, “blood, liver, kidney and urine of a 28-years old man, were analyzed for residues of Endosulfan (6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 10-hexachloro-1, 5, 5a, 6, 9, 9a-hexahydro-6, 9-methano-2, 4, 3-benzo(e)dioxathiepin 3-oxide). The analysis results showed the presence of high concentrations of the two endosulfan isomers in all samples. Since also alcohol was present in all the tissues analyzed, it was concluded that the victim died of a combined endosulfan-alcohol poisoning. No other drugs were found.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: Ca ; Cordia alliodora ; Erythrina poeppigiana ; evaporation ; interception ; K ; Mg ; N ; P ; shade trees ; Theobroma cacao ; transpiration ; water balances
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The hydrological balances for the agroforestry systems of Theobroma cacao with Cordia alliodora or Erythrina poeppigiana were calculated using measurements taken over four years (1983–1987) of the following parameters: climatic (precipitation, evaporation); edaphological (texture, soil moisture tension, hydraulic conductivity, variations in soil moisture content). Water fluxes (interception, simulation of transpiration and percolation) were estimated from one year of measurements (1986–1987). Weekly samples of percolated water were taken from March 1986 – March 1987 using lysimetric capsules at 100 cm soil depth. N, P, K, Ca and Mg concentrations were determined to calculate the annual leaching losses. Nutrient concentration values were extrapolated for the whole 4 years observation period, in order to calculate leaching losses for the whole study period. Precipitation samples were also taken to determine the corresponding annual nutrient inputs.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: Agroforestry ; biomass ; cocoa yield ; Cordia alliodora ; Erythrina poeppigiana ; litter production ; organic material ; shade trees ; sustainability ; timber production ; Theobroma cacao
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Predictive models were developed for Cordia alliodora branch and Theobroma cacao branch or leaf biomass,based on branch basal areas (r2 ⩾ 0.79) but the model of C. alliodora leaf biomass, although significant, was of very low accuracy (r2 = 0.09) due to annual leaf fall. At age 10 years, shade tree stem biomass accounted for 80% of the total above-ground biomass of either tree. However, between the ages of 6 and 10 years, the biomass increment of T. cacao branches (3–4t.ha−1.a−1) was similar to that of the shade tree stems. During the same period, the net primary productivity was 35 and 28 t.ha−1.a−1, for the Erythrina poepigiana and and C. alliodora systems, respectively. Cocoa production under either of the shade trees C. alliodora or E. poeppigiana was 1000 kg.ha−1.a−1 (oven-dry; ages 6–10 yr). During the same period, C. alliodora timber production was 9 m3.ha−1.a−1 whilst the leguminous shade tree E. poeppigiana does not produce timber. Litterfall over the same 5 years, including crop and/or shade tree pruning residues, averages 11 and 23 t.ha−1.a−1, respectively. The main difference was due to E. poeppigiana pruning residues (10t.ha−1.a−1). Soil organic material reserves (0–45 cm) increased over 10 years from 198 to 240 t.ha−1 in the E. poeppigiana plots and from 168–184 t.ha−1 in the C. alliodora plots. These values, together with the productivity indices presented, provide evidence that the systems are sustainable. For economic reasons, the use of C. alliodora is recommended under the experimental conditions. however, on less fertile soils without fertilization, the greater biomass and hence nutrient return to the soil surface under E. poeppigiana, might make this the preferable shade tree.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: Erythrina ; Gliricidia ; alley cropping ; maize ; competition ; nitrogen availability ; Costa Rica
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Maize growing next toErythrina hedgerows had 44% lower biomass (p〈0.01) and 35% lower N content (p〈0.1) than maize growing in the middle of the alleys. Maize growing next toGliricidia hedgerows had the same biomass but 56% higher N content (p〈0.1) than maize growing in the middle of the alleys. However these differences did not develop until 2 months after sowing of the maize. Spatial variability in soil nitrogen mineralization and mulch nitrogen release did not explain any of the differences in growth or N uptake of the maize with respect to distance from the trees. It is hypothesized that the slower growth of the maize next to theErythrina trees after 2 months is due to increasing light and/or nutrient competition from the trees as the trees recover from pollarding. The apparent lack of competition fromGlirigidia may be due to different rates of regrowth or different shoot and root architecture. A theoretical model is described demonstrating that if a crop is to take advantage of the higher nutrient availability under alley cropping it must complete the major part of its growth before the trees recover significantly from pollarding, and start competing strongly with the crop.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 32 (1995), S. 207-223 
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: tree increment ; pests and diseases ; Acacia mangium ; Cordia alliodosa ; Costa Rica
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Survival and growth data (ages 0–5 years) are presented for two timber species (Acacia mangium, Cordia alliodora) planted in monocultures or in association with a sequence of agricultural cropsZea mays, Zingiber officinale andEugenia stipitata (a fruit shrub) in the tropical humid Caribbean lowlands of Costa Rica. Average annual height and diameter growth rates were 3.2 m and 4.0 cm (C. alliodora), 3.5 m and 3.8 cm (A. mangium).C. alliodora associated with crops gave the greatest productivity with an average total stem volume increment of 19 m3 ha−1 yr−1. Root rot ofA. mangium (mainlyRosellinia sp.), leading to tree mortality, was greater in pure plots compared to associated plots.A. mangium can not be recommended for similar sites because of this problem.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: Acacia mangium ; Cordia alliodora ; Eucalyptus deglupta ; on-farm experimentation ; Tectona grandis ; Terminalia ivorensis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In 1987–89 the CATIE-GTZ Agroforestry Project set up experiments with five timber tree species planted in single lines on twelve farm boundaries in cooperation with local farmers. When the trees were five years old, their height, diameter and total stem volume were: Acacia mangium 17 m, 19 cm and 67 m3 km−1, Cordia alliodora 14 m, 20 cm and 46 m3 km−1, Eucalyptus deglupta 22 m, 24 cm and 85 m3 km−1, Tectona grandis 17 m, 20 m and 64 m3 km−1, Terminalia ivorensis 18 m, 23 cm and 104 m3 km−1. Considering these excellent growth rates, planting of Cordia alliodora, Eucalyptus deglupta and Tectona grandis in lines on farm boundaries should be promoted. T. ivorensis and A. mangium are not recommendable for sites with impeded drainage because of mortality caused by root rot, mostly due to Rosellinia sp.
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