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  • Articles  (26)
  • Springer  (26)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure and function of the soil microbial community in microhabitats of a heavy metal polluted soil (2000)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 32 (2000), S. 390-400 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Keywords Soil microbial biomass ; Soil enzymes ; Particle-size fractions ; Heavy metals ; Phospholipid fatty acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Particle-size fractionation of a heavy metal polluted soil was performed to study the influence of environmental pollution on microbial community structure, microbial biomass, microbial residues and enzyme activities in microhabitats of a Calcaric Phaeocem. In 1987, the soil was experimentally contaminated with four heavy metal loads: (1) uncontaminated controls; (2) light (300 ppm Zn, 100 ppm Cu, 50 ppm Ni, 50 ppm V and 3 ppm Cd); (3) medium; and (4) heavy pollution (two- and threefold the light load, respectively). After 10 years of exposure, the highest concentrations of microbial ninhydrin-reactive nitrogen were found in the clay (2–0.1 μm) and silt fractions (63–2 μm), and the lowest were found in the coarse sand fraction (2,000–250 μm). The phospholipid fatty acid analyses (PLFA) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) separation of 16S rRNA gene fragments revealed that the microbial biomass within the clay fraction was predominantly due to soil bacteria. In contrast, a high percentage of fungal-derived PLFA 18 : 2ω6 was found in the coarse sand fraction. Bacterial residues such as muramic acid accumulated in the finer fractions in relation to fungal residues. The fractions also differed with respect to substrate utilization: Urease was located mainly in the 〈2 μm fraction, alkaline phosphatase and arylsulfatase in the 2–63 μm fraction, and xylanase activity was equally distributed in all fractions. Heavy metal pollution significantly decreased the concentration of ninhydrin-reactive nitrogen of soil microorganisms in the silt and clay fraction and thus in the bulk soil. Soil enzyme activity was reduced significantly in all fractions subjected to heavy metal pollution in the order arylsulfatase 〉phosphatase 〉urease 〉xylanase. Heavy metal pollution did not markedly change the similarity pattern of the DGGE profiles and amino sugar concentrations. Therefore, microbial biomass and enzyme activities seem to be more sensitive than 16S rRNA gene fragments and microbial amino-sugar-N to heavy metal treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740000268
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Carbon mineralization and microbial activity in a field site trial used for 14C turnover experiments over a period of 30 years (2000)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 31 (2000), S. 294-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Carbon mineralization ; 14C ; Soil microbial biomass ; Manure amendment ; Long-term experiment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Long-term experiments on different crop management systems provide essential information about turnover of soil organic matter and changes in microbial properties over a period of time. A long-term field site trial, which was established in 1967 near Vienna, Austria, to document the fate of 14C-labelled manure (straw and farmyard) under different crop management systems (crop rotation, spring wheat and bare fallow), was investigated. Soil samples were taken in 1997 and separated into size fractions (〉250 μm, 250–63 μm, 63–2 μm, 2–0.1 μm and 〈0.1 μm) after aggregate dispersion using low-energy sonication. Organic C, total N and 14C content were measured in the bulk soil and the size fractions and microbial properties were analysed in the bulk soil. Additionally, C mineralization in bulk soil samples was monitored at 20 °C over a period of 28 days, and subsequently 14C-CO2 content was analysed. The distribution of organic C and N within the size fractions was similar between crop rotation and spring wheat; the highest amounts of organic C and N were found in the clay-sized fraction. The amounts of C and N were significantly smaller in the bare fallow, which was depleted of organic matter in the coarse-sized fractions. 14C distribution differed significantly from unlabelled C distribution, labelled C was accumulated in the silt-sized fraction, indicating weak humification of the applied manure C. The highest rate of C mineralization was measured in the crop rotation and spring wheat, whereas the emission rate of the bare fallow was about 40% lower. The higher 14C:C ratio of the bulk soil in comparison to the emitted CO2 indicated that labelled C compounds still remained mineralizable after a period of 30 years. Microbial properties showed a great difference between crop management systems and bare fallow, particularly regarding urease and xylanase activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050659
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Projectible predicates (1979)
    Springer
    Synthese 〈Dordrecht〉 41 (1979), S. 375-395 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0964
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General , Philosophy
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00869450
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Three problems in induction (1971)
    Springer
    Synthese 〈Dordrecht〉 23 (1971), S. 287-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0964
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General , Philosophy
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00413631
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A solution to the lottery paradox (1982)
    Springer
    Synthese 〈Dordrecht〉 51 (1982), S. 339-353 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0964
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General , Philosophy
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00485259
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optical clock distribution with a compact free space interconnect system (1994)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 26 (1994), S. S471 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Optical clock signal distribution has been widely discussed to be an attractive way to reduce the clock skew in high-speed digital systems. For short interconnect lengths, especially for chip level clock distribution, free space systems using diffractive optical elements (DOEs) have specific advantages. The optoelectronic pathway described in this paper consists of a GaAs laser diode, a microetched silicon mirror, a faceted diffractive element and four silicon photodiodes hybridized to a (dummy) silicon chip. The key element of the clock distribution demonstrator is the diffractive element which matches setup requirements like compactness, off-axis geometry and use of an unshaped laser beam. The whole setup meets the demands of alignment accuracy in an excellent way. This is achieved by the very good imaging characteristic of the DOE and by an alignment technique based on precision mounting of micromachined silicon components. The system was tested with clock rates up to 2.5 GHz, the cut-off frequency is 350 MHz.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00306218
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The goodman paradox (1975)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 6 (1975), S. 340-354 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary With the help of psychological and biological concepts it is possible todescribe adequately a fundamental class of inductive inferences that are intuitively correct. Moreover, by relying on evolutionary theories it is possible tojustify them, because they reflect innate, hence useful, capacities. These inferences, however, refer to the past, i.e. the inferred generalization is of the form “All Awere B”. The reason is that evolutionary theories only claim that innate capacitieshad survival value. With respect to inductive inferences about the future the situation is different. In particular, they are affected by the Goodman paradox. In the article, a method is proposed which enables us to describe adequately a basic class of inductive inferences about the future which are intuitively correct. These inferences can also be justified, but their justification requires a very specific assumption. The conclusions arrived at in the article can be viewed as a satisfactory solution to the Goodman paradox.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01800794
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The reliability of inductive inferences and our innate capacities (1978)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 9 (1978), S. 93-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary One of the important problems that have to be dealt with in the Philosophy of Science is to account for the high reliability of a very large part of our inductive inferences. This reliability is noteworthy because not only were many of these inferences made by ordinary people, even by children, but they were very often based on the observation of just a few positive instances. In the present paper, I deal with this problem by treating it as a normal empirical problem. This approach enables us to make an important step towards an explanation of the phenomenon and, consequently, towards the formulation of a general theory of scientific inquiry.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01801943
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Occurrence of five different chromosomal HMG1 proteins in various maize tissues (1999)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 41 (1999), S. 351-361 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: chromatin ; gene expression ; high-mobility-group protein HMG1 ; HMGe ; protein stability ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The nuclear HMG1 proteins of higher plants are small non-histone proteins that have DNA-bending activity and are considered architectural factors in chromatin. The occurrence of the chromosomal HMG1 proteins, HMGa, HMGc1/2 and HMGd, in various maize tissues was analyzed, and in the course of these studies a novel HMG1 protein, now termed HMGe, was identified. Purification and characterization of HMGe (Mr 13 655) and cloning of the corresponding cDNA revealed that it displays only moderate similarity to other members of the plant HMG1 protein family. The five maize HMG1 proteins could be detected in kernels, leaves, roots and suspension culture cells, indicating that these proteins can be expressed simultaneously and occur relatively ubiquitously. However, the various HMG1 proteins are present in significantly different quantities with HMGa and HMGc1/2 being the most abundant HMG1 proteins in all tissues tested. Furthermore, the relative amounts of the various HMG1 proteins differ among the tissues examined. The HMG1 proteins were found to be relatively stable proteins in vivo, with HMGc1/2, HMGd and HMGe having a half-life of ca. 50 h in cultured cells, while the half-life of the HMGa protein is ca. 65 h. Collectively, these findings are compatible with the concept that the different plant HMG1 proteins might act as general architectural proteins in concert with site-specific factors in the assembly of certain nucleoprotein structures involved in various biological processes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006311121717
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Grain Boundaries in Barium Strontium Titanate Thin Films: Structure, Chemistry and Influence on Electronic Properties (2000)
    Springer
    Interface science 8 (2000), S. 209-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2746
    Keywords: barium strontium titanate ; electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) ; metal oxide thin films ; dielectric properties
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, we investigate the role of grain boundaries in polycrystalline (Ba x Sr1−x )Ti1+y O3+z films, grown by metal organic vapor deposition, in the accommodation of nonstoichiometry, as well as their role in the strong composition dependence of the electric and dielectric behavior observed in these films. High-spatial resolution electron energy-loss spectroscopy is used for the analysis of composition and structural changes at grain boundaries, as a function of film composition. The existence of amorphous, titanium rich, TiO2-like phases at the grain boundaries of films with large amounts of excess Ti (y ≥ 0.08) may explain the non-monotonic resistance degradation behavior of the films as a function of Ti content. However, we show that a grain boundary phase model fails to explain the strong composition dependence of the dielectric behavior. Electron energy-loss spectra indicate a distortion of the Ti–O octahedra in the grain interiors in samples with increasing Ti excess. The decrease of the dielectric constant with increasing amounts of excess Ti is therefore more likely due to Ti accommodation in the grain interiors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008794520909
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