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  • Articles  (34)
  • Springer  (34)
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  • Articles  (34)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Economic factors and opportunities as determinants of water use efficiency in agriculture (1993)
    Springer
    Irrigation science 14 (1993), S. 47-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1319
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A consequence of water scarcity is that it has enhanced research and development aimed at increasing water use efficiency in irrigated agriculture. Although biological, genetic, and technological achievements may induce potential high levels of water use efficiency, actual observed values may be much smaller. This paper distinguishes between potential and actual water use efficiency measures, and discusses factors and opportunities that may affect actual water use efficiency in irrigated agriculture. These include economic forces, environmental effects, and institutional arrangements, each of which may affect water use decisions at field, farm, regional, and national levels. The paper develops a scheme to generally address differences between private and social considerations that determine water use efficiency decisions. Using this scheme, several examples from California and Israel are provided to support the arguments. The paper concludes that the concept of water use efficiency is much broader than its definition: yield per water applied or transpired. Moreover, determination of water use efficiency levels in irrigated agriculture is a complex issue that requires interdisciplinary considerations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00208397
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluating Cooperative Game Theory in water resources (1992)
    Springer
    Theory and decision 32 (1992), S. 1-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7187
    Keywords: game theory ; transferable utility ; water resources ; regional cooperation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Two empirical applications of Cooperative Game Theory concerned with regional cooperation in the use of irrigation water are presented. Both studies attempt to derive income maximizing solutions for the participants and the related income allocation schemes. Distinction is made between transferable and non-transferable utility situations. The reasonableness and the acceptability of the schemes derived are later critically evaluated. Main findings are: (1) use of utility functions leads to problems in gains allocations, (2) the Core concept may be useless in this application because since it is either difficult to calculate or is empty in many cases, (3) gains allocation and the derived core are heavily dependent on probabilities of coalitions formation in the Shapley value or the Generalized Shapley Value.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00133625
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An economic analysis of irrigation systems (1990)
    Springer
    Irrigation science 11 (1990), S. 37-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1319
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary An array of irrigation systems are available which can be broadly classified as being gravity flow or pressurized. Pressurized irrigation systems provide better control on the amount of applied water and, in most cases, better irrigation uniformity than gravity flow systems. They also have a higher initial capital cost than gravity flow systems and an analysis is required to determine whether the improved performance of pressurized systems justifies the additional costs. An economic analysis was done on several irrigation systems which included consideration of farm management costs associated with a given irrigation system, shifts in crop yield and drainage volumes associated with the optimal management of each irrigation system, and costs associated with disposal of drainage waters. Cotton was selected as the crop for analysis. Irrigation uniformity is a significant determinant to the results. Although irrigation uniformities can be highly variable based on design, maintenance and management, a typical uniformity for each irrigation system was selected. For the conditions of the analysis, gravity flow systems were calculated to be more profitable than pressurized systems if there was no constraint on the amount of drainage water generated or cost for its disposal. Imposition of costs for drainage water disposal induced a shift whereby pressurized systems became more profitable than gravity flow systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00189993
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of concentration fluctuations of a surface plume in a neutral boundary layer (1988)
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 45 (1988), S. 157-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We describe a new high-resolution sampling technique which can be used to measure concentration fluctuations simultaneously at several points in space. The technique has been used to measure the probability distribution function as a function of the detector location relative to a continuous and steady source. Results are compared to previous experiments and theoretical predictions. The spectra of the concentration fluctuations are analyzed and their behaviour as a function of downwind distance from the source is described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00120821
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mass consistent models for wind distribution in complex terrain — Fast algorithms for three dimensional problems (1984)
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 30 (1984), S. 177-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Mass consistent models for wind distribution in complex terrain are extremely useful and readily applied to many practical situations, such as the siting of wind turbines, or as input in the estimation of diffusion and transport of pollutants in complex terrain. These models are based on the numerical solution of the steady state three dimensional continuity equation for the mean wind components. The momentum and energy equations are not solved explicitly, but considered indirectly using parametric relations and wind data. In practical applications the equations must be solved numerous times (e.g. for each time interval). Standard techniques for numerical solution of three dimensional problems are frequently very expensive and thus not suitable for practical needs. In the present work, great emphasis is given to the development of fast algorithms, and techniques based on the multigrid approach are shown. Two mass consistent programs are described, the first based on the parametric representation of one of the wind components, and the second based on a few wind measurements and a variational principle. To verify the reliability of the variational approach, a measurement program related to a project of wind energy, is being performed at Har-Ahim, a site located in the Galilee.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00121954
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A three-dimensional model for calculating the concentration distribution in inhomogeneous turbulence (1993)
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 62 (1993), S. 217-245 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A new approach for calculating the concentration distribution in inhomogeneous turbulence is suggested. The model is a 3-D model, constrained to describe incompressible flow. The model requires a knowledge of the covariance matrix of the Eulerian velocities and the two-point third moments. The model is applied for three types of turbulent field: homogeneous isotropic turbulence, constant flux neutral boundary layer and free convective turbulence. The required Eulerian moments are calculated using the ‘eddy model’ of the turbulent field. Concentration moments are calculated and results are compared to experimental data. Other model predictions which have no experimental support can be compared to measurements when available.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00705556
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mitigating Negative Water Quality and Quality Externalities by Joint Management of Adjacent Aquifiers (1997)
    Springer
    Environmental and resource economics 9 (1997), S. 1-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1502
    Keywords: groundwater management ; groundwater quality ; interrelated aquifers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Groundwater basins are usually separated into aquifers that are hydrologically interrelated. This interrelation may take the form of water movement from one aquifer to another. When differentials in water quality exist, pumping from one of the aquifers can cause water movement that may be associated with degradation of its quality. A management policy that considers this interrelation may be preferable to an independent management of each aquifer. This paper develops a dynamic optimal control model to evaluate joint versus independent management. The optimal joint pumping management, in which two adjacent aquifers of different water qualities are interrelated, is analyzed and compared to independent aquifer pumping, and the situations where joint management is not required are identified. Policy implications are then derived and discussed. Finally, the theoretical model is applied to a case of interrelated aquifers in southern Israel. The empirical model identifies conditions (interest rate, agricultural fresh water supply rainfall recharge, price of surface water, drinking water quality standards) under which a joint policy is preferable. The empirical results confirm the theoretical ones.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026406322760
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Design of ``Smart'' Water Market Institutions Using Laboratory Experiments (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental and resource economics 17 (2000), S. 375-394 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1502
    Keywords: auctions ; laboratory experiments ; mechanism design ; water markets
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Notes: Abstract One of the problems with proposals for substantialinstitutional change in water systems is thatmodification and irreversibility make the processslow, cautious and costly to society. In this paper,we discuss the role that experimental economics canplay in evaluating proposed institutional changes tohelp facilitate a more rapid and smooth adoption ofchanges in the water system. Experimental economicsyields a formal and replicable system for analyzingalternative market structures before they are actuallyimplemented. For example, a water market can bedeveloped and tested in the laboratory under supplyand demand constraints that reflect drought conditionsthat might occur in California, or other arid regionsin the world. We present a prototype of a Californiawater transfer model and the results from a series ofwater market experiments. Results include realizedmarket efficiency and surplus distribution, as well asan analysis of market price volatility. Theimplications of this research extend well beyondCalifornia water markets, not only to water markets inother arid regions, but also to the design of marketsfor other environmental goods, including tradablepollution permits and fishery ITQs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026598014870
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adoption of improved irrigation and drainage reduction technologies under limiting environmental conditions (1992)
    Springer
    Environmental and resource economics 2 (1992), S. 373-398 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1502
    Keywords: Adoption ; irrigation technology ; environment ; drainage pollution ; policy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Modern irrigation technologies have been suggested as a means of conserving scarce water and reducing environmental pollution caused by irrigated agriculture. This paper applies an economic model of technology selection that provides a general framework to analyzing adoption of irrigation technologies under various environmental conditions. Data from the San Joaquin Valley of California is used to verify the theoretical relationships. Results suggest key variables to be considered by policy makers concerned with adoption of modern irrigation technologies. Among these variables are crop prices, water technology costs, farm organization characteristics, and the environmental conditions of the farm or the field. Policy implications were discussed and analyzed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00304968
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mitigating negative water quality and quality externalities by joint mangement of adjacent aquifers (1997)
    Springer
    Environmental and resource economics 9 (1997), S. 1-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1502
    Keywords: groundwater management ; groundwater quality ; interrelated aquifers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Groundwater basins are usually separated into aquifers that are hydrologically interrelated. This interrelation may take the form of water movement from one aquifer to another. When differentials in water quality exist, pumping from one of the aquifers can cause water movement that may be associated with degradation of its quality. A management policy that considers this interrelation may be preferable to an independent management of each aquifer. This paper develops a dynamic optimal control model to evaluate joint versus independent management. The optimal joint pumping management, in which two adjacent aquifers of different water qualities are interrelated, is analyzed and compared to independent aquifer pumping, and the situations where joint management is not required are identified. Policy implications are then derived and discussed. Finally, the theoretical model is applied to a case of interrelated aquifers in southern Israel. The empirical model identifies conditions (interest rate, agricultural fresh water supply rainfall recharge, price of surface water, drinking water quality standards) under which a joint policy is preferable. The empirical results confirm the theoretical ones.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02441367
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