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  • Articles  (836)
  • Springer  (836)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 123 (1985), S. 610-623 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Radiative-convective model ; Cloud feedback ; Temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The effect of cloud feedback on the response of a radiative-convective model to a change in cloud model parameters, atmospheric CO2 concentration, and solar constant has been studied using two different parameterization schemes. The method for simulating the vertical distribution of both cloud cover and cloud optical thickness, which depends on the relative humidity and on the saturation mixing ratio of water vapor, respectively, is the same in both approaches, but the schemes differ with respect to modeling the water vapor profile. In scheme I atmospheric water vapor is coupled to surface parameters, while in scheme II an explicit balance equation for water vapor in the individual atmospheric layers is used. For both models the combined effect of feedbacks due to variations in lapse rate, cloud cover, and cloud optical thickness results in different relationships between changes in surface temperature, planetary temperature, and cloud cover. Specifically, for a CO2 doubling and a 2% increase in solar constant, in both models the surface warming is reduced by cloud feedback, in contrast to no feedback, with the greater reduction in scheme I as compared to that of scheme II.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 1095-1104 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Forest dieback ; Waldsterben ; damage inventory ; efficient energy use ; abatement techniques ; pollution source substitution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary This paper starts from the generally accepted premise that forest dieback is a complex phenomenon caused by multiple stresses that are exerted by a host of contributing factors. It is argued that the rapidly proceeding forest dieback, as documented in the damage inventories, is in itself enough reason to warrant action. Therefore, at this late stage, this paper emphasizes the pressing need to introduce active control measures which will reduce pollution emission through more efficient use of fossil fuels, through abatement techniques at the source, and through substitution with less polluting sources.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Electrical engineering 27 (1933), S. 749-760 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Electrical engineering 28 (1934), S. 264-264 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Algorithmica 9 (1993), S. 313-328 
    ISSN: 1432-0541
    Keywords: Perfect powers ; Number theoretic algorithms ; Riemann hypothesis ; Newton's method ; Sieve algorithms ; Parallel algorithms ; Average-case analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A positive integern is a perfect power if there exist integersx andk, both at least 2, such thatn=x k . The usual algorithm to recognize perfect powers computes approximatekth roots fork≤log 2 n, and runs in time O(log3 n log log logn). First we improve this worst-case running time toO(log3 n) by using a modified Newton's method to compute approximatekth roots. Parallelizing this gives anNC 2 algorithm. Second, we present a sieve algorithm that avoidskth-root computations by seeing if the inputn is a perfectkth power modulo small primes. Ifn is chosen uniformly from a large enough interval, the average running time isO(log2 n). Third, we incorporate trial division to give a sieve algorithm with an average running time ofO(log2 n/log2 logn) and a median running time ofO(logn). The two sieve algorithms use a precomputed table of small primes. We give a heuristic argument and computational evidence that the largest prime needed in this table is (logn)1+O(1); assuming the Extended Riemann Hypothesis, primes up to (logn)2+O(1) suffice. The table can be computed in time roughly proportional to the largest prime it contains. We also present computational results indicating that our sieve algorithms perform extremely well in practice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Electrical engineering 7 (1919), S. 225-240 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Electrical engineering 79 (1996), S. 357-364 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents We will present an overview of the use of BiCMOS-Techniques in low-voltage operational amplifiers. Focus will be on input-, intermediate-and output-stages as well as on a voltage generator circuit. The disadvantages of rail-to-rail input-stages built of complementary differential amplifiers will be discussed. An input-stage with improved performance, that uses an on-chip generated additional voltage, will be shown. The drawbacks of rail-to-rail class-AB output-stages and methods to control the quiescent current will be considered. A rail-to-rail voltage-follower output-stage using the generated additional voltages for biasing will be proposed. The on-chip voltage generator will be presented. Finally, we will direct toward to total circuit of the proposed low-voltage operational amplifier.
    Notes: Übersicht Der Einsatz der BiCMOS-Technik bei Niederspannungs-Operationsverstärkern wird im Überblick betrachtet, wobei Eingangsstufe, die zweite Verstärkerstufe, Ausgangsstufen sowie ein Spannungsgenerator angesprochen werden. Die Nachteile von Rail-to-rail Eingangsstufen aus komplementären Differenzverstärkern werden diskutiert. Eine mit Hilfe von einer chipintern erzeugten Hilfsspannung aufgebaute Eingangsstufe mit verbesserter Performance wird vorgestellt. Problempunkte von Rail-to-rail Ausgangsstufen in Class-AB Technik sowie der Verfahren zur Regelung des Querstromes werden erläutert. Eine Rail-to-rail Spannungsfolger-Ausgangsstufe mit Hilfsspannungsversorgung des Bias-Zweiges wird vorgestellt. Nachdem der Aufbau des Spannungsvervielfachers betrachtet wurde, wird eine Operationsverstärkerschaltung vorgestellt, in der die diskutierten Teilschaltungen zum Einsatz kommen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Environmental geology 24 (1994), S. 1-6 
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Nitrate ; Groundwater ; Modeling ; Denitrification ; Nitrogen balance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Implemented on behalf of the Federal Ministry for Research and Technology (BMFT), a model is developed to trace the nutrient flow of nitrate in the soil and the groundwater on a supraregional scale. Research work is intended to indicate regionally differentiated hazardous potentials and thereby provide a basis for recommending comprehensive measures to protect groundwater in Germany. The adaption of the model to the hydrogeological and agricultural conditions of other states is possible in principle. This article focuses on the hydrogeological model parts. A high nitrate pollution of groundwater can be expected in all regions with intensive agricultural use of the topsoil. In particular, groundwater in solid rock areas is susceptible to nitrate pollution. There a rapid groundwater turnover and thus a short residence time for the groundwater in the aquifer is typical. Oxidizing aquifer conditions usually prevail in solid rock aquifers, preventing nitrate degradation. In many loose rock areas, in contrast, the groundwater has a low flow velocity and a long residence time in the aquifer. Because of a lack of free oxygen, a complete degradation of nitrate can occur, as long as iron sulfide compounds and/or organic carbon are available in the aquifer. A more detailed presentation of the whole research work is given in Wendland et al. (1993).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The horizontal and vertical movements of large bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus Lowe, 1839; 25 to 50 kg) captured in the south Pacific Ocean (French Polynesia) were determined using pressure-sensitive ultrasonic transmitters. Bigeye tuna swam within the first 100 m below the surface during the night-time and at depths between 400 and 500 m during the daytime. The fish exhibited clear relationships with the sound scattering layer (SSL). They followed its vertical movements at dawn and dusk, and were probably foraging on the organisms of the SSL. Bigeye tuna did, however, make regular rapid upward vertical excursions into the warm surface layer, most probably in order to regulate body temperature and, perhaps, to compensate for an accumulated oxygen debt (i.e. to metabolize lactate). The characteristics of these dives differ from those reported from previous studies on smaller bigeye tuna (∼12 kg) near the main Hawaiian Islands. During the daytime, the large fish in French Polynesia made upward excursions approximately only every 2.5 h, whereas smaller fish in Hawaiian waters made upward excursions approximately every hour. Our data are the first observations on the role of body size in the vertical behavior of bigeye tuna.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mathematische Zeitschrift 9 (1921), S. 110-135 
    ISSN: 1432-1823
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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