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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Triphenyltin inhibits photosynthesis and respiration in marine microalgae (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1995), S. 265-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Triphenyltin ; Diphenyltin ; Skeletonema costatum ; Dunaliella tertiolecta ; Photosynthesis ; Respiration ; Organotins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The effects of diphenyltin and triphenyltin (TPhT) on gross photosynthesis and respiration by the diatomSkeletonema costatum (Greville) Cleve and the chlorophyteDunaliella tertiolecta (Butscher) were investigated by measuring the rates of change of oxygen concentration in samples which were alternately illuminated unilluminated. Measurements were carried out for 90 min after organotin addition. Triphyltin at concentrations in the nM to μM range inhibited photosynthesis and respiration in both ogranisms. Levels of TPhT inhibiting these processes were two to three orders of magnitude higher forD. tertiolecta than forS. costatum. Photosynthesis and respiration byD. tertiolecta were resistant to diphenyltin at concentrations up to its limit of solubility (0.84 mM). WithS. costatum, inhibitory levels of diphenyltin were one to two orders of magnitude higher than those for triphenyltin. Inhibition was often progressive over the period after organotin addition. This effect varied in intensity and was more noticeale with the more resistantD. tertiolecta. Comparison of our results with levels of organotins which have been obeserved by others in Mediterranean coastal waters indicate that environmental levels of TPhT could influence phytoplankton composition and dynamics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569938
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electron microscopy of the marine microalga Dunaliella tertiolecta exposed to triphenyltin (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 20 (1998), S. 200-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: phytoplankton; organotin; triphenyltin; transmission electron microscopy; chlorophyte; Dunaliella tertiolecta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Chemostat-grown cells of the chlorophyte Dunaliella tertiolecta (Butcher) exposed to triphenyltin were examined using transmission electron microscopy. Following a 1-h exposure to 21 and 84μM triphenyltin, mitochondria underwent structural damage and the thylakoid membranes of a small proportion of cells spread from the usual compact arrangement. Prolonging the exposure time resulted in significant cell lysis in cultures exposed to 84μM triphenyltin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900512
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Commentary: Carbon Metabolism of the Terrestrial Biosphere: A Multitechnique Approach for Improved Understanding (2000)
    Springer
    Ecosystems 3 (2000), S. 115-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-0629
    Keywords: Key words: biosphere metabolism; carbon cycle; carbon fluxes; global change; terrestrial ecosystems.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: ABSTRACT Understanding terrestrial carbon metabolism is critical because terrestrial ecosystems play a major role in the global carbon cycle. Furthermore, humans have severely disrupted the carbon cycle in ways that will alter the climate system and directly affect terrestrial metabolism. Changes in terrestrial metabolism may well be as important an indicator of global change as the changing temperature signal. Improving our understanding of the carbon cycle at various spatial and temporal scales will require the integration of multiple, complementary and independent methods that are used by different research communities. Tools such as air sampling networks, inverse numerical methods, and satellite data (top-down approaches) allow us to study the strength and location of the global- and continental-scale carbon sources and sinks. Bottom-up studies provide estimates of carbon fluxes at finer spatial scales and examine the mechanisms that control fluxes at the ecosystem, landscape, and regional scales. Bottom-up approaches include comparative and process studies (for example, ecosystem manipulative experiments) that provide the necessary mechanistic information to develop and validate terrestrial biospheric models. An iteration and reiteration of top-down and bottom-up approaches will be necessary to help constrain measurements at various scales. We propose a major international effort to coordinate and lead research programs of global scope of the carbon cycle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100210000014
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Responses of wild plants to nitrate availability (1989)
    Springer
    Oecologia 79 (1989), S. 542-550 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Bromus ; Relative growth rate ; Nitrate uptake ; Limiting external concentration ; Grasses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two annual species of Bromus, an invader (B. hordeaceus, ex B. mollis) and a non-invader (B. intermedius), were grown for 28 days in growth chambers, at 5 and 100 μM NO 3 - in flowing nutrient solution. No differences between the two species were observed at either NO 3 - level, in terms of relative growth rate (RGR) or its components, dry matter partitioning, specific NO 3 - absorption rate, nitrogen concentration, and other characteristics of NO 3 - uptake and photosynthesis. The effects of decreasing NO 3 - concentration in the solution were mainly to decrease the NO 3 - concentration in the plants through decreased absorption rate, and to decrease the leaf area ratio through increased specific leaf mass and decreased leaf mass ratio. Organic nitrogen concentration varied little between the two treatments, which may be the reason why photosynthetic rates were not altered. Consequently, RGR was only slightly decreased in the 5-μM treatment compared to the 100-μM treatment. This is in contrast with other species, where growth is reduced at much higher NO 3 - concentrations. These discrepancies may be related to differences in RGR, since a log-linear relationship was found between RGR and the NO 3 - concentration at which growth is first reduced. In addition, a strong linear relationship was found between the RGR of these species and their maximum absorption rate for nitrate, suggesting that the growth of species with low maximum RGR may be partly regulated by nutrient uptake.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00378673
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rooting depth, water availability, and vegetation cover along an aridity gradient in Patagonia (1996)
    Springer
    Oecologia 108 (1996), S. 503-511 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Patagonia-vegetation ; Root distribution ; 13C-, 18O-, D-Isotope composition ; Water ; Plant succession
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Above-and belowground biomass distribution, isotopic composition of soil and xylem water, and carbon isotope ratios were studied along an aridity gradient in Patagonia (44–45°S). Sites, ranging from those with Nothofagus forest with high annual rainfall (770 mm) to Nothofagus scrub (520 mm), Festuca (290 mm) and Stipa (160 mm) grasslands and into desert vegetation (125 mm), were chosen to test whether rooting depth compensates for low rainfall. Along this gradient, both mean above-and belowground biomass and leaf area index decreased, but average carbon isotope ratios of sun leaves remained constant (at-27‰), indicating no major differences in the ratio of assimilation to stomatal conductance at the time of leaf growth. The depth of the soil horizon that contained 90% of the root biomass was similar for forests and grasslands (about 0.80–0.50 m), but was shallower in the desert (0.30 m). In all habitats, roots reached water-saturated soils or ground water at 2–3 m depth. The depth profile of oxygen and hydrogen isotope ratios of soil water corresponded inversely to volumetric soil water contents and showed distinct patterns throughout the soil profile due to evaporation, water uptake and rainfall events of the past year. The isotope ratios of soil water indicated that high soil moisture at 2–3 m soil depth had originated from rainy periods earlier in the season or even from past rainy seasons. Hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratios of xylem water revealed that all plants used water from recent rain events in the topsoil and not from water-saturated soils at greater depth. However, this study cannot explain the vegetation zonation along the transect on the basis of water supply to the existing plant cover. Although water was accessible to roots in deeper soil layers in all habitats, as demonstrated by high soil moisture, earlier rain events were not fully utilized by the current plant cover during summer drought. The role of seedling establishment in determining species composition and vegetation type, and the indirect effect of seedling establishment on the use of water by fully developed plant cover, are discussed in relation to climate change and vegetation modelling.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00333727
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Seasonal carbon allocation in Heteromeles arbutifolia, a California evergreen shrub (1974)
    Springer
    Oecologia 14 (1974), S. 295-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The seasonal patterning of carbon gain and allocation was studied in the California evergreen sclerophyll shrub, Heteromeles arbutifolia. Specifically an analysis was made of the seasonal structural allocations to stems, leaves, roots and reproductive parts as well as to functional categories of cell structure, metabolism, storage, and secondary compounds (predator protection). The differential partitioning during the various seasons is viewed in terms of the overall carbon economy of the shrub. It is suggested that not all functions can be met simultaneously, even though there is year round carbon gain, because of the heavy allocation demands to meet a particular environmental stress during a given season. For example, during the spring there is a priority allocation to the development of the canopy, apparently for competitive purposes, with little going to reproduction, storage and secondary compounds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00384574
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Drought adaptations in two Californian evergreen sclerophylls (1974)
    Springer
    Oecologia 15 (1974), S. 205-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A field study was initiated to determine the patterns of water stress imposition and stomatal resistance to gas exchange in representative species of 2 evergreen sclerophyllous communities. In concurrent experiments plant water potential, temperature and vapor pressure gradient were varied to determine the relative importance of morphological and physiological parameters in delaying onset of water stress during drought periods. In general, stomatal and photosynthetic responses to water stress were similiar in both species. Both were able to fix carbon even when leaf water potentials dropped as low as-25 bars. Stomatal movements were positively correlated with soil water potential rather than to leaf water potential. However, water stress developed much more rapidly in Arbutus menziesii, a plant of more northerly distribution, than in Heteromeles arbutifolia where they occur on adjacent sites. Morphological parameters were primarily responsible for the very different patterns of water stress imposition. Consequently, Arbutus is limited to areas of shorter drought duration than is Heteromeles and this is reflected in their differing distributions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00345178
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photosynthetic plasticity of populations of Heliotropium curassavicum L. originating from differing thermal regimes (1980)
    Springer
    Oecologia 45 (1980), S. 372-376 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Plants of the widely distributed species Heliotropium curassavicum L. have a large photosynthetic acclimation potential to temperature. There are, however, some differences among the acclimation potentials of populations occupying dissimilar thermal regimes. Plants of populations originating from a cool maritime climate have a greater acclimation potential than plants of populations originating from a desert habitat, which is characterized by large seasonal changes in temperature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00540208
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photosynthetic capacity and carbon allocation patterns in diverse growth forms of Eucalyptus (1978)
    Springer
    Oecologia 36 (1978), S. 103-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Eucalytptus species originating in Australian habitats differing in moisture regimes were examined under uniform growth conditions for their photosynthetic characteristics and allocation patterns. Species from the driest environments, the ‘mallee’ types, had the smallest leaf sizes and the highest leaf specific weights; and forest species, from moist coastal sites, had the largest and thinnest leaves. Photosynthetic rates on a dry weight basis were highly correlated with leaf nitrogen content in all species. Leaf nitrogen content on a dry weight basis varied little between species in nature; however, there were increasing amounts of nitrogen per unit leaf area as the habitat became drier because of the changes in specific leaf weight. This resulted in a greater light-saturated photosynthetic rate per leaf area of arid habitat species, which were presumably more efficient in water use as a consequence. A simple simulation model showed that changes in the allocation ratio to leaf weight reduces total leaf area in the expected direction without affecting total dry matter accumulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00344575
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Patterns of drought response in leaf-succulent shrubs of the coastal Atacama Desert in Northern Chile (1980)
    Springer
    Oecologia 46 (1980), S. 196-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Despite the extrame aridity of the coastal Atacama Desert in northern Chile, sparse communities of leaf succulent shrubs and small cacti are regularly present. While most shrub species have small succulent leaves and accumulate high concentrations of salts in their tissues, the variable rooting patterns and mixed dominance of CAM and C3 species indicates a significant divergence in adaptive strategies. All dominant shrubs are readily surviving extended drought, but some species are much better able than others to maintain active growth and flowering. Regular flowering may not be a prerequisite for shrub population maintenance since large piles of viable seeds are present under the canopies of many species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00540126
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