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  • Springer  (144)
  • National Academy of Sciences  (14)
  • 1995-1999  (158)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interhybrid Competition Affects Sunflower Character Expression (1998)
    Springer
    Semigroup forum 90 (1998), S. 202-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2137
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Helianthus annuus L.) characters. Field studies were conducted in North Dakota at three dryland sites: Carrington, Fargo, and Prosper. Interhybrid and intrahybrid competitive situations were attained by using one-row or two-row hybrid arrangements with three hybrids as possible borders. Competitive effects were determined on achene yield, achene oil concentration, achene weight, test weight, days to anthesis, head diameter, plant height, and leaf number. Plot achene yield was 20% greater when the border hybrid was a semidwarf than when border hybrids were of more conventional height. Border hybrid competitive influences on achene yield were approximately twice as great for one-row as for two-row arrangements. Other characters influenced by interhybrid competition were test weight, head diameter, and plant height. Characters not influenced by interhybrid competition included achene weight, achene oil concentration, days to anthesis, and leaf number. Plot border rows are recommended when evaluating characters subject to interhybrid competitve influences. An alternative approach is using one-row or two-row arrangements and grouping hybrids similar in plant height and maturity in the same field proximity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Grain Amaranth Seeding Dates in the Northern Great Plains (1998)
    Springer
    Semigroup forum 90 (1998), S. 339-344 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2137
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: An understanding of crop response to planting date is essential when evaluating a potential new crop. A field study was designed to determine the optimum range of planting dates for dryland grain amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus L. and A. hypochondriacus L. x A. hybridus L.) in the Northern Great Plains. Four grain amaranth cultivars, diverse for plant height and branching, were evaluated over four consecutive years from 1989 to 1992 at Prosper (46 degrees 58' N, 97 degrees 4' W, elevation 220 m) in North Dakota. Soil types at the test site are a complex of Perella (fine-silty, mixed, superactive, frigid Typic Endoaquolls) and Beardon (fine-silty, mixed, superactive, frigid Aeric Calciaquolls). Four or five planting dates were selected, ranging from 1 May to 1 July at approximately 15-d intervals. Year-to-year differences in weather influenced the response of amaranth to planting date for grain yield, days to anthesis, harvest index, plant height, final plant population, and lodging. Plants sown in mid-June produced the greatest grain yield in 1989 and 1990, when near- or above-average temperatures occurred throughout most of the growing season. Seedling survival was greater with later planting dates in all years except 1989, when excellent stands were achieved with all planting dates. Greatest yields in 1992, an unusually cool year, were produced with May planting dates; in that year, most plants sown in mid-June did not mature before first frost. Material planted on 1 July failed to mature in both 1991 and 1992. In years with near- or above-average temperatures, the mid-June planting date was best for maximizing both stand establishment and grain yield. Given the uncertainty in predicting weather conditions, planting in early June in the Northern Great Plains should achieve good stands and produce high grain yields, while minimizing the risk of yield loss associated with cool conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Seed Yield and Seed Quality Response of Pensacola and Improved Bahiagrasses to Fertilization (1998)
    Springer
    Semigroup forum 90 (1998), S. 607-611 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2137
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Paspalum notatum Flügge var. saurae Parodi) entries, varying in forage yield, to fertilizer inputs. Bahiagrass was established in 1991 on Clarendon loamy sand (fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Plinthaquic Paleudults) near Tifton, GA. Forage production has been evaluated from 1992 to 1994. In 1995 and 1996, seed was harvested from'Pensacola', Tifton 9 (T9), and RRPS Cycle 18 (T18) in July. Eight fertilizer treatments, identical to the 3-yr forage yield study, included rates of 56, 112, 224, and 448 kg N ha-1; 25 and 49 kg P ha-1; and 47, 93, 139, 186, and 279 kg K ha-1. Seed yield was lower (P 〈 0.01) in 1995 than in 1996 and year and fertilizer treatment interacted (P 〈 0.01). Seed yield achieved with 224 kg K ha-1 and the lowest P and K rates was not improved by higher rates. Although fertilizer treatment and entry interacted (P 〈 0.01), optimal fertilizer inputs among entries were similar. Seed weight was greater in 1995 and was increased (P 〈 0.05) by spring application of 112 kg N ha-1 compared with 56 kg N ha-1, but not by higher rates. T18 seeds had greater (P 〈 0.05) emergence 7 to 14 days after planting (DAP) than Pensacola or T9. Emergence 14 DAP was greater with the highest N rates than the lowest rate. Emergence 35 DAP was only influenced by year (1996 〉 1995). Moderate levels of N enhanced seed yield. Fertilizer treatment had no important effect on seed emergence or dormancy. Seed production and cumulative emergence of the three entries were similar.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular cloning of a cDNA encoding a (1→4)-β-mannan endohydrolase from the seeds of germinated tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) (1997)
    Springer
    Planta 203 (1997), S. 454-459 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Key words: Cell wall ; Endosperm mobilization ; Gene expression patterns ; Lycopersicon ; (1→4)-β-Mannan endohydrolase (primary structure) ; Polysaccharide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. Mannose-containing polysaccharides are widely distributed in cell walls of higher plants. During endosperm mobilization in germinated tomato seeds (1→4)-β-mannan endohydrolases (EC 3.2.1.78) participate in the enzymic depolymerization of these cell wall polysaccharides. A cDNA encoding a (1→4)-β-mannanase from the endosperm of germinated tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) seeds has been isolated and characterized. The amino acid sequence deduced from the 5′-region of the cDNA exactly matches the sequence of the 65 NH2-terminal amino acids determined directly from the purified enzyme. The mature enzyme consists of 346 amino acid residues, it has a calculated Mr of 38 950 and an isoelectric point of 5.3. Overall, the enzyme exhibits only 28–30% sequence identity with fungal (1→4)-β-mannanases, but more highly conserved regions, which may represent catalytic and substrate-binding domains, can be identified. Based on classification of the tomato (1→4)-β-mannanase as a member of the family 5 group of glycosyl hydrolases, Glu-148 and Glu-265 would be expected to be the catalytic acid and the catalytic nucleophile, respectively. Southern hybridization analyses indicate that the enzyme is derived from a family of about four genes. Expression of the genes, as determined by the presence of mRNA transcripts in Northern hybridization analyses, occurs in the endosperm of germinated seeds; no transcripts are detected in hypocotyls, cotyledons, roots or leaves.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004250050214
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Overwintering populations of Mesodinium rubrum (Ciliophora: Haptorida) in lakes of the Vestfold Hills, East Antarctica (1997)
    Springer
    Polar biology 17 (1997), S. 175-179 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2056
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The autotrophic ciliate Mesodinium rubrum Lohmann was observed during winter and spring in saline lakes ranging in salinity from 2 to 78‰ in the Vestfold Hills, Antarctica. The ciliate remained active during winter, and contained chlorophyll even though the level of light available for photosynthesis was minimal. No evidence of encystment as a means of survival during winter was observed. A seasonal study in one of the lakes, Ace Lake, revealed that M. rubrum was present throughout the year at abundances ranging from 1×104 to 3.5×105 cells l-1. During the winter period, when little light penetrated the lake’s ice cover, cells were most common immediately under the ice at 2 m, where cell numbers were typically 8×104 cells l-1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003000050119
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of time of day and month on Weddell seal haul-out patterns at the Vestfold Hills, Antarctica (1997)
    Springer
    Polar biology 18 (1997), S. 319-324 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2056
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A diurnal pattern in haul-out behaviour has been described for Weddell seals at McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, but regional and seasonal variations were previously unknown. Knowledge of activity patterns is important for standardising census methods and census data. This study quantified the diurnal pattern in haul-out behaviour of Weddell seals at the Vestfold Hills from October 1994 to March 1995. Sequential counts of seals on the ice showed that, between 0900 and 1930 hours, seal abundance differed up to 95%. Fewer seals were hauled out in the morning than in the afternoon. The maximum numbers of seals were hauled out at the warmest time of day. The diurnal cycle was less pronounced in the breeding season than in the moulting season. The findings indicated the importance of censusing Weddell seals after 1430 hours and before 1700 hours local time, especially in the moulting season. Correction factors are given for month and time of day.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003000050194
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isotopic tracking of foraging and long-distance migration in northeastern Pacific pinnipeds (1999)
    Springer
    Oecologia 119 (1999), S. 578-585 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key words Pinnipeds ; Foraging ; Migration ; Stable isotopes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We investigated the impact of foraging location (nearshore vs offshore) and foraging latitude (high vs middle) on the carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotope compositions of bone collagen of northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus), harbor seals (Phoca vitulina), California sea lions (Zalophus californianus), and northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris). Nearshore-foraging harbor seals from California had δ13C values 2.0‰ higher than female northern elephant seals foraging offshore at similar latitudes. Likewise, nearshore-foraging harbor seals from Alaska had values 1.7‰ higher than male northern fur seals, which forage offshore at high latitudes. Middle-latitude pinnipeds foraging in either the nearshore or offshore were 13C enriched by ∼1.0‰ over similar populations from high latitudes. Male northern elephant seals migrate between middle and high latitudes, but they had δ13C values similar to high-latitude, nearshore foragers. Female northern fur seal δ13C values were intermediate between those of high- and middle-latitude offshore foragers, reflecting their migration between high- and middle-latitude waters. The δ13C values of California sea lions were intermediate between nearshore- and offshore-foraging pinnipeds at middle latitudes, yet there was no observational support for the suggestion that they use offshore food webs. We suggest that their “intermediate” values reflect migration between highly productive and less-productive, nearshore ecosystems on the Pacific coasts of California and Mexico. The relative uniformity among all of these pinnipeds in δ15N values, which are strongly sensitive to trophic level, reveals that the carbon isotope patterns result from differences in the δ13C of organic carbon at the base of the food web, rather than differences in trophic structure, among these regions. Finally, the magnitude and direction of the observed nearshore-offshore and high-to middle-latitude differences in δ13C values suggest that these gradients may chiefly reflect differences in rates and magnitudes of phytoplankton production as well as the δ13C value of inorganic carbon available for photosynthesis, rather than the input of 13C-enriched macroalgal carbon to nearshore food webs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420050822
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic differentiation and reproductive incompatibility among Baja California populations of the copepod Tigriopus californicus (1995)
    Springer
    Marine biology 123 (1995), S. 821-827 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Populations of the harpacticoid copepod Tigriopus californicus were sampled from five sites from San Diego, California, to Playa Altamira, Baja California, Mexico. Allozyme analyses revealed that all the study populations are sharply differentiated genetically. At the extreme, two populations, Punta Baja and Playa Altamira, have no alleles in common at the seven allozyme loci studied. All pairwise interpopulation crosses successfully produced F2 hybrids except those involving the Playa Altamira population. All crosses using Playa Altamira females failed to produce F1 hybrids, while Playa Altamira males successfully produced F1 progeny with females from all other sites. These F1 offspring, however, were completely sterile (with San Diego and Punta Banda females) or only occasionally produced F2 offspring (with Punta Morro and Punta Baja females). These results suggest that allopatric differentiation among Baja populations has resulted in exceptionally high levels of genetic divergence and nearly complete reproductive isolation of the Playa Altamira population, which should now be recognized at the semispecies (or perhaps sibling species) level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00349126
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Allozyme and mitochondrial DNA evidence of population subdivision in the purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (1996)
    Springer
    Marine biology 126 (1996), S. 443-450 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Despite high potential for dispersal, the purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus was found to have significant genetic subdivision among locations. Ten geographic locations along the coast of California and Baja California were sampled between 1994 and 1995. Samples from some locations included both adult and recruit urchins. Allozyme analyses revealed a genetic mosaic, where differentiation over short geographic distances could exceed differentiation over much larger distances. Significant allozyme differentiation was found among subpopulations of adults (standardized variance, F ST =0.033), among subpopulations of recruits (F ST =0.037), and between adults and recruits from the same location. DNA-sequence data for the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene also showed significant heterogeneity among locations, with a mild break in haplotype frequencies observed ≃ 300 km south of Point Conception. California. Repeated sampling over time is necessary to determine whether these patterns of differentiation are stable and to begin to understand what forces produce them.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00354626
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spatial Fractal Evolutions and Hierarchies for Microearthquakes in Central Greece (1999)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 154 (1999), S. 73-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Key words: Microearthquakes, fractals, b values, hierarchy, seismicity, Greece.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract —Statistical characteristics of seismicity represented by microearthquakes are examined for three regions in central Greece, in particular the fractal correlation dimension, D 2 , and traditional b values are examined in tandem as a function of time by using the moving window technique. The Patras region contains the complicated tectonics, extending to damaging historical earthquakes of the western Corinth Gulf and the Rio Graben, yielding D 2 values between 0.40 and 1.20 with b between 0.94 and 1.27 unusually, the temporal evolution between D 2 and b generates a positive correlation, although the variation is mostly in D 2 . When the whole evolution is divided into two stages then the positive correlations are even stronger than for the whole evolution. The views of Henderson and others might suggest a highly fractured, fluid-filled zone. The Pavliani region, with no known active fault, and the Volos region, containing the through-going Nea Ankhialos fault, yield D 2 values 0.33 to 0.79 with b 0.92 to 1.30 and D 2 0.82 to 1.56 withb 1.02 to 1.37, respectively. Temporal evolution between D 2 and b provides a typical negative correlation in both regions. Examination of gross seismicity (time window embracing the whole data set) in each region produces D 2 values for the Patras and Volos regions that are both larger than that for Pavliani; there are no obvious differences amongst the b values. This accords with the knowledge that Patras and Volos are in regions with very active seismotectonic features which generate repeated strong earthquakes exceeding 6M s  . D 2 for both regions is fairly close to 1, the topological dimension of a line, consistent with seismicities on leading active fault zones or through-go ing faults. These values highlight the ability for microearthquakes to illuminate the character of their parent tectonic province. Resolution and hierarchy in these data from Greece are compared with these aspects elsewhere (Japan, Turkey, South America, USA) in the sense that their banding with respect to examined magnitude, areal extent and duration of observation period for respective data sets is examined in relation to the earthquake potential of the parent seismotectonic province. Evolutions are then categorised as being macroscopic, transitional or microscopic in character.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s000240050222
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