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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Planta 83 (1968), S. 372-386 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 3-M, ein Oxidationsprodukt der Indol-3-essigsäure, hemmt den Transport von Auxinen durch Koleoptilen (Hager und Schmidt, 1968); seine Wirkungsweise wird untersucht. Werden 1 mm lange Segmente von Maiskoleoptilen mit IES-2-14C inkubiert, so ist bei Anwesenheit von 3-M eine jeweils höhere Konzentration von markiertem Wuchsstoff im Gewebe festzustellen (“apparente Aufnahme”). Da aber der Influx von IES-2-14C in die Segmente (“reelle Aufnahme”) durch Zugabe von 3-M in den ersten 30 min überhaupt nicht verändert wird, muß die Auxinakkumulation eine andere Ursache haben: Die aktive Abgabe, d.h. die Sekretion von IES-2-14C aus 1 mm langen Koleoptilsegmenten in die Außenlösung, erfährt durch 3-M eine sehr starke Erniedrigung. Sie muß als Ursache des verringerten polaren Wuchsstofftransports angesehen werden. 3-M wirkt also ähnlich wie der künstliche Transporthemmstoff TIBA. Der polare Transport von NES-1-14C durch Koleoptilsegmente wird wie der des Auxins bei Zugabe von 3-M, von TIBA und durch Belichtung der Koleoptilen gehemmt. Aus den obigen Befunden, ferner weil 3-M wichtige Stoffwechsel-prozesse, wie z.B. die Atmung, nicht beeinflußt, andererseits eine Bindung mit SH-Gruppen-haltigen Substanzen (Cystein) eingeht, wird auf eine direkte Beeinflussung des Auxintransportsystems durch 3-M geschlossen. Es wird angenommen, daß die wuchsstoffsezernierenden Areale (“Permeasen”), welche sich in den äußeren Plasmagrenzschichten und hauptsächlich im basalen Bereich der Zelle befinden oder dort aktiv tätig sein sollen (polarer Transport!), durch 3-M teilweise blockiert werden können (möglicherweise durch eine Adduktbildung des 3-M mit SH-Gruppen der “Permeasen”). Als eine mögliche Ursache der Wuchsstoffquerverschiebung beim Phototropismus wird die asymmetrische photooxidative Bildung von 3-M in jeder einzelnen, seitlich belichteten Zelle und eine daraus resultierende laterale Wuchsstoffabgabe diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary 3-M, an oxidation product of IAA, inhibits the transport of auxin through coleoptiles (Hager and Schmidt, 1968); the mode of action of this inhibition has been investigated. During incubation of 1 mm long sections of corn coleoptiles with IAA-2-14C, the presence of 3-M increases the concentrations of labeled auxin in the tissue. Since the influx of IAA-2-14C into the sections is not at all changed during the first 30 minutes, the accumulation of auxin has to be due to some other mechanism besides uptake. The active exit step, that is the secretion of IAA-2-14C out of 1 mm long coleoptile sections into the surrounding solution, is strongly impaired by 3-M. It is this phenomenon which has to be regarded as the cause of the reduced polar transport of auxin. The polar transport of NAA-1-14C through coleoptile sections, just like that of IAA, is inhibited by addition of 3-M, or TIBA or by illumination of the coleoptiles. From the results mentioned above and from the fact that 3-M does not influence important metabolic processes like respiration but on the other hand is able to react with compounds containing SH-groups (like cystein), it is concluded that the transport of auxin is directly influenced by 3-M. It is suggested that systems secreting auxin (“permeases”) in the outer border layers of the plasma, mainly in the basal parts of the cell (polar transport!) could be partly blocked by 3-M (possibly by the formation of an adduct with SH-groups of the “permeases”). The asymmetric photooxidative formation of 3-M in each single cell illuminated laterally and the subsequent lateral secretion of auxin may be the reason for the transversal shift of auxin during phototropism.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Planta 83 (1968), S. 347-371 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Short illumination of excised coleoptiles (with or without apex) inhibits the subsequent transport of IAA-2-14C in these sections during darkness. To a certain extent the inhibition is dependent both on the light intensity and on the duration of illumination. Only the blue region of the visible spectrum is effective. The light induced inhibition is due to a decrease of the quantity of IAA transported; on the other hand, the velocity of transport remains unchanged. The inhibition of auxin transport can be observed only if coleoptiles contain endogenous or fed auxin during the preceding illumination period. Besides illumination inhibition of auxin transport can also be brought about by incubation of coleoptile sections with a previously illuminated IAA/FMN solution. Auxin transformed by peroxidase operates in the same way. The different oxidation products of IAA in the solutions used were identified: The only product which inhibits elongation growth and auxin transport was 3-M. The conversion of IAA to 3-M is accomplished by crude cell-free extracts from corn coleoptiles. An increased formation of labeled 3-M from IAA-2-14C during illumination of coleoptiles could be demonstrated. Since 3-M is not actively transported in coleoptiles, it must be assumed that 3-M functions as an inhibitor of auxin transport only at its site of formation. It is concluded that the phototropic curvature of coleoptiles and stems is triggered by the photooxidative formation of 3-M from IAA in the side exposed to light. The flow of growth substances will be partly blocked by 3-M in this side and can be directed to the shaded side. On the strength of these findings some phenomena of phototropism (transmission of stimulus, “mneme”, quantum yield) can easily be explained.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Anthocyanin ; Mode of action of phytochrome ; Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase ; Phytochrome ; Sinapis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Induction by light of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL; EC 4.3.1.5) and of anthocyanin in cotyledons of the mustard (Sinapis alba L.) seedling is strongly affected by a light pretreatment which operates through phytochrome. If PAL or anthocyanin is induced by a light pulse, the effectiveness of phytochrome (Pfr) is strongly increased by a light pretreatment; however, if the increase of the PAL level or synthesis of anthocyanin is elicited by continuous far-red light (operating via phytochrome in the ‘High Irradiance Response’), effectiveness of light is strongly reduced by the same light pretreatment. This reduction of effectiveness is correlated with a decrease of total phytochrome (Ptot) caused by the light pretreatment. It is argued that the observations are compatible only with the ‘open phytochrome-receptor model’ as suggested by Schäfer (J. Mathem. Biol. 2, 41–56, 1975). The peaks of the time courses of the PAL levels under continous far-red light are located at 48 h after sowing and do not depend on the original level of phytochrome. The decrease of the PAL levels beyond 48 h after sowing takes place independently of phytochrome and of the actual level of PAL.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Planta 151 (1981), S. 541-543 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Anthocyanin ; Lag-phase (anthocyanin synthesis) ; Phytochrome ; Sinapis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mustard (Sinapis alba L.) seedlings were irradiated with continuous far-red light either with or without a pretreatment with 3 or 6 h of the same far-red light, separated by a 15 h dark period. The pretreatment increases the initial rate of anthocyanin accumulation — as caused by the 2nd light treatment — at least 6-fold but leads to an earlier cessation of anthocyanin accumulation. Moreover, the pretreatment seems to shorten the apparent lag-phase of anthocyanin accumulation considerably but it does not eliminate the lag. If the pretreatment with far-red light is terminated before the seedling reaches competence (with regard to phytochrome and anthocyanin synthesis) the pretreatment has no effect on the apparent lag-phase even though the future capacity of anthocyanin biogenesis is considerably stimulated by the pretreatment. The time course of induction of anthocyanin and that of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) (Acton et al. 1980, Fig. 1) is in line with the concept that induction of PAL by light is a prerequisite for the onset of light-mediated anthocyanin synthesis.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 86 (1993), S. 919-926 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Ac transposition ; Gene tagging ; Germinal excision ; Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Gene tagging in Arabidopsis thaliana using the autonomous Ac (Activator) transposable element has so far been hampered by low frequencies of germinal transposition events. Here we describe a procedure by which the frequency of independent germinal reinsertions has been much improved by a process of long-term selection on kanamycin for the continued growth of tissues in which somatic excisions have occurred. Growth on artificial media increased the somatic excision frequency, and the long-term selection procedure channelled somatic transposition events into the germline. This resulted in an overall germinal excision frequency in the progeny of longterm selected plants of 15%, as confirmed by Southern blotting, with 63% of the plants bearing excision events having detectable reinsertions of the Ac element. This compares with a germinal excision frequency of approximately 1% when no long-term selection is employed. However, offspring from individual plants tended to have identical germinal Ac reinsertion patterns, thus the critical parameter for evaluating the system for tagging purposes is the frequency of individual plants yielding offspring with reinsertions, which was 64%. This high frequency, when coupled to the enhanced germinal transposition rate overall, easily allows the generation of a large population of plants with independent reinsertions.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 51 (1964), S. 162-162 
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archive of applied mechanics 5 (1934), S. 352-362 
    ISSN: 1432-0681
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein Meßverfahren beschrieben, das die Aufnahme der Schwingungsformen von Versuchsstäben aus verschiedenen Baustoffen und die Bestimmung der zeitlichen Dämpfung dieser Stäbe gestattet, woraus auch die räumliche Dämpfung errechnet werden kann. Für Holz, Eisen, Beton und Ziegelsteine werden die Ergebnisse der Messungen angegeben.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Biological cybernetics 70 (1994), S. 369-376 
    ISSN: 1432-0770
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Computer Science , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Do interlimb rhythmic coordinations between individuals exhibit the same relations among the same observable quantities as interlimb rhythmic coordination within an individual? The 1∶1 frequency locking between the limbs of two people was investigated using a paradigm in which each person oscillated a hand-held pendulum, achieving and maintaining the mutual entrainment through vision. The intended coordination was antiphase, φ=π, and the difference between the uncoupled eigenfrequencies, Δω, was manipulated through differences in the lengths of the two pendulums. The mean phase relation and its variance for visually coupled coordinations differing in Δω were predicted by an order parameter equation developed by Haken et al. (1985) and Schöner et al. (1986) for the relative phase of correlated movements of limb segments. Specifically, the experiment revealed that: (1) the deviation of φ from π increased with increasing deviation of Δω from 0; and (2) fluctuations in φ increased with increasing deviation of Δω from 0. With deviations of Δω from 0, new peaks were added at higher harmonics in φ's power spectrum. These results were in agreement with previous research on the stable states of interlimb coordination within a person, mediated by mechanoreceptive rather than photoreceptive mechanisms. Additionally, they were in agreement with previous research on phase transitions in interlimb coordination which have been shown to conform to the same order parameter dynamics whether the coupling be mechanoreceptively or photoreceptively based. It was suggested that phase entrainment in biological movement systems may abide by dynamical principles that are indifferent to the details of the coupling.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Biological cybernetics 70 (1994), S. 369-376 
    ISSN: 1432-0770
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Computer Science , Physics
    Notes: Abstract. Do interlimb rhythmic coordinations between individuals exhibit the same relations among the same observable quantities as interlimb rhythmic coordination within an individual? The 1:1 frequency locking between the limbs of two people was investigated using a paradigm in which each person oscillated a hand-held pendulum, achieving and maintaining the mutual entrainment through vision. The intended coordination was antiphase, φ=π, and the difference between the uncoupled eigenfrequencies, Δω, was manipulated through differences in the lengths of the two pendulums. The mean phase relation and its variance for visually coupled coordinations differing in Δω were predicted by an order parameter equation developed by Haken et al. (1985) and Schöner et al. (1986) for the relative phase of correlated movements of limb segments. Specifically, the experiment revealed that: (1) the deviation of φ from π increased with increasing deviation of Δω from 0; and (2) fluctuations in φ increased with increasing deviation of Δω from 0. With deviations of Δω from 0, new peaks were added at higher harmonics in φ’s power spectrum. These results were in agreement with previous research on the stable states of interlimb coordination within a person, mediated by mechanoreceptive rather than photoreceptive mechanisms. Additionally, they were in agreement with previous research on phase transitions in interlimb coordination which have been shown to conform to the same order parameter dynamics whether the coupling be mechanoreceptively or photoreceptively based. It was suggested that phase entrainment in biological movement systems may abide by dynamical principles that are indifferent to the details of the coupling.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 33 (1977), S. 1197-1198 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 2 new aromatic esters of 12-deoxy-16-hydroxy-phorbol, known as candletoxins A and B, were isolated from the irritant latex of Euphorbia poisonii Pax. Compound A was identified as 12-deoxy-phorbol-13-O-phenylacetate-16-O-α-methyl-butyrate-20-acetate, and compound B was the C-20 desacetyl analogue.
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