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  • Springer  (112)
  • Copernicus Publications (EGU)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of heavy metal contamination and implication of multiple sources from Hunchun basin, northeastern China (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 39 (2000), S. 1039-1052 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Agrochemical ; Heavy metal contamination ; Natural enrichment ; PFA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Present concentrations and distributions of heavy metals through profiles, surface soil, and stream sediment samples in the Hunchun area, north-eastern China, were investigated to determine the elemental background values. This study also aims to characterize potentially toxic materials such as pulverized fly ash (PFA) from power stations or ash and slag from coal used domestically in urban areas, agrochemicals applied inappropriately, and urban sewage sludges from Hunchun City, as well as to ascertain the possibility of natural enrichment through site characterization by mineralogical and geochemical investigation. The distribution of contaminants in the alluvial soils (fluvisol) of this area has been influenced by several interacting factors. The parent alluvial materials from weathered products of amphiboles have made coatings such as ferrihydrite, goethite, and hematite. This natural inheritance factor is supported by the fact that the concentrations of weak acid-extractable (plant-available) heavy metals are very low, except for Fe and Mn. However, in agricultural soils and adjacent stream sediments, an anthropogenic input of Cd, Pb, Ni and Cr by agrochemicals is strongly suggested. Also, F contamination by coal combustion and the dissolution of F-bearing minerals could cause some future problems. Wide distribution and significantly high concentrations of Cd, Fe, Mn, and F in soils throughout the combination of pollutants originating from lithogenic and the anthropogenic sources pose potential problems in utilizing water resources.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002540000112
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification of novel mutations in the human EXT1 tumor suppressor gene (1997)
    Springer
    Human genetics 〈Berlin〉 99 (1997), S. 612-615 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1203
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Hereditary multiple exostoses (EXT) is a genetically heterogeneous bone disorder caused by genes segregating on human chromosomes 8, 11, and 19 and designated EXT1, EXT2 and EXT3, respectively. Recently, the EXT1 gene has been isolated and partially characterized and appears to encode a tumor suppressor gene. We have identified six mutations in the human EXT1 gene from six unrelated multiple exostoses families segregating for the EXT gene on chromosome 8. One of the mutations we detected is the same 1-bp deletion in exon 6 that was previously reported in two independent EXT families. The other five mutations, in exons 1, 6, 9, and the splice junction at the 3′ end of exon 2, are novel. In each case, the mutation is likely to result in a truncated or nonfunctional EXT1 protein. These results corroborate and extend the previous report of mutations in this gene in two EXT families, and provide additional support for the EXT1 gene as the cause of hereditary multiple exostoses in families showing linkage to chromosome 8.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004390050415
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expression of the Bacillus licheniformis PWD-1 keratinase gene in B. subtilis (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 19 (1997), S. 134-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: keratinase; gene cloning; gene expression; Bacilli
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The kerA gene which encodes the enzyme keratinase was isolated from the feather-degrading bacterium Bacillus licheniformis PWD-1. The entire gene, including pre-, pro- and mature protein regions, was cloned with Pker, its own promoter, P43, the vegetative growth promoter, or the combination of P43-Pker into plasmid pUB18. Transformation of the protease-deficient strain B. subtilis DB104 with these plasmids generated transformant strains FDB-3, FDB-108 and FDB-29 respectively. All transformants expressed active keratinase in both feather and LB media, in contrast to PWD-1, in which kerA was repressed when grown in LB medium. With P43-Pker upstream of kerA, FDB-29 displayed the highest activity in feather medium. Production of keratinase in PWD-1 and transformants was further characterized when glucose or casamino acids were supplemented into the feather medium. These studies help understand the regulation of kerA expression and, in the long run, can help strain development and medium conditioning for the production of this industrially important keratinase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900440
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on a new cleaning procedure for PFA-surfaces (1997)
    Springer
    Fresenius' journal of analytical chemistry 357 (1997), S. 258-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1130
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract  An easy to perform procedure is presented for cleaning PFA (“Perfluoroalkoxy”) molds, especially for demanding and large scale applications. The leaching of PFA-vessels with diluted aqueous solutions of hydrogen peroxide, ammonia and triethanolamine (TEA) reveals cleaning effects comparable to the effectiveness of more hazardous procedures, such as leaching with concentrated nitric acid or with cleaning solutions containing hydrofluoric acid. The method is suitable even for demanding applications in the field of semiconductor production. Differential thermal desorption analysis (DTDA) gave no hints on chemical “carry over” effects of the organic ligand from pre-cleaned PFA molds to wafer surfaces. Furthermore, the results of TXRF-studies on Si-wafers have opened up promising prospects for the employment of TEA in wafer cleaning technology itself. The Fe deposition on Si-wafer surfaces from Fe-spiked SC-1-type cleaning solutions can evidently be suppressed for Fe concentrations up to 0.1 mg/l by the addition of TEA in 104-fold excess.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002160050150
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An immune algorithm for resolution of multicomponent overlapping chromatograms (2000)
    Springer
    Fresenius' journal of analytical chemistry 366 (2000), S. 10-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1130
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A novel immune algorithm for resolution and quantitative determination of the components in overlapping chromatograms was proposed by imitating biological immune systems. The algorithm takes an overlapping chromatogram as its input and subtracts the chromatograms of standard samples from the input by iteration of a network. When the residual does not change, the network will converge and chromatographic information of the components in overlapping chromatogram will be obtained. Both simulated and experimental data sets were investigated by the method. Results showed that both resolved results and recoveries of quantitative determination are satisfactory. Comparing with conventional least-square method, the immune algorithm is fast in calculation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002160050003
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of metal additives and bromine in recycled thermoplasts from electronic waste by TXRF analysis (2000)
    Springer
    Fresenius' journal of analytical chemistry 368 (2000), S. 235-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1130
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A new method for analysis of metal additives in recycled thermoplasts from electronic waste was developed, based on dissolving the samples in an organic solvent and subsequent analysis of the corresponding solutions or suspensions by total-reflection X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (TXRF). The procedure proved to be considerably less time consuming than the conventional digestion of the polymer matrix. Additives containing Ti, Zn, Br, Cd, Sn, Sb, and Pb were analyzed in a hundred randomly selected samples from recycling, which provided an overview of the range of elemental concentrations in thermoplasts utilized for consumer electronics. The results were validated independently by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), subsequent regression analysis confirmed the trueness of the chosen approach.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002160000392
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of Waterlogging on Nitrogen Accumulation and Alleviation of Waterlogging Damage by Application of Nitrogen Fertilizer and Mixtalol in Winter Rape (Brassica napus L.) (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of plant growth regulation 16 (1997), S. 47-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-8107
    Keywords: Key Words.Brassica napus L.—Waterlogging—Physiological characteristics—Nitrogen fertilizer—Mixtalol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. A study on the physiological and yield effects of waterlogging and the alleviation of waterlogging damage by the application of nitrogen fertilizers and mixtalol in winter rape was conducted in experimental tanks especially designed for controlling soil moisture content. The results showed that waterlogging at the seedling and stem elongation stages causes a significant decrease in nitrogen content and rate of nitrogen accumulation. Leaf chlorophyll content, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities, and root oxidizability (capacity for root oxidation) and root exudate were also reduced by waterlogging. The experiments confirmed that the physiological function of rape plants was retarded during the time of waterlogging at the seedling stage, and its adverse effects remained. Plant height, stem width, and the number of primary branches per plant were decreased significantly by waterlogging at the seedling and stem elongation stages. Pods per plant and seeds per pod were also reduced significantly, giving a 21.3 and 12.5% decrease of seed yield from the control for treatments at the seedling and stem elongation stages, respectively. Foliar sprays of nitrogen fertilizers at the seedling stage or mixtalol at the flowering stage alleviated plant damage caused by waterlogging by retarding chlorophyll and nitrogen degradation, increasing superoxide dismutase and catalase activities and root oxidizability, and improving yield components and seed yield of waterlogged plants. Therefore, besides draining off water, alleviation of waterlogging damage may be controlled by applying nitrogen fertilizer and a suitable plant growth regulator at appropriate growth stages.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00006974
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Numerical method for elastic-plastic waves in cracked solids, Part 2: plane strain problem (1993)
    Springer
    Archive of applied mechanics 63 (1993), S. 283-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0681
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Übersicht Zunächst werden für einen dynamisch beanspruchten, rißbehafteten Festkörper mit elastischem Materialverhalten Ergebnisse aus Berechnungen mit der von Zwas für gasdynamische Probleme entwickelten Finite-Differenzen-Methode gezeigt. Davon ausgehend wird, zur Modellierung des Phänomens der dynamischen Plastifizierung, ein elastisch-plastischer Belastungspfad im Spannungsraum vorgeschlagen. Auf diesem Belastungspfad aufbauend wird, unter Nutzung der Lösungsideen von Godunov und Zwas, ein Differenzenverfahren zur Beschreibung der elastisch-plastischen Wellenausbreitung in Festkörpern bei ebenem Verzerrungszustand entwickelt. Die Methode kann auf Rißprobleme angewendet werden, um die plastische Zone und deren zeitliche Entwicklung zu bestimmen. Außer einigen Testbeispielen zur Validierung wird ein Resultat für einen nach Modus I belasteten Riß präsentiert, das ein wiederholtes plastisches Fließen und elastisches Entlasten anzeigt, das von Rayleigh-Wellen verursacht wird, die an den Rißufern entlanglaufen und mit den Rißspitzen wechselwirken.
    Notes: Summary In this paper, we first give some results for an elastic solid with a crack which is loaded dynamically, by using Zwas' finite difference method introduced in gasdynamics. Then, an elastic-plastic loading path in the stress space is proposed to model the plastic yield phenomenon in solids. Based on this stress path and the ideas of Godunov and Zwas for the formulation of finite difference schemes, a finite difference method is developed to treat the elastic-plastic wave motion in solids under plane strain. The method can be applied to the mode I and mode II crack problems in order to determine the shape of plastic zones and their time history. Besides several results for test examples which were calculated for validation, one result for a finite crack affected by a mode I loading is presented which demonstrates a repeated plastic yielding and elastic unloading caused by Rayleigh waves running along the crack edges and interacting with the two crack tips.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00793894
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Numerical method for elastic-plastic waves in cracked solids, Part 1: anti-plane shear problem (1993)
    Springer
    Archive of applied mechanics 63 (1993), S. 261-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0681
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Übersicht In der Arbeit wird eine numerische Methode vorgestellt, in der das Charakteristiken erfahren mit der Methode von Zwas kombiniert wurde, um die hyperbolischen, partiellen Differentialgleichungen der elastisch-plastischen Wellenausbreitung für das dynamische Querschubproblem zu lösen. Um die Notwendigkeit neuer, physikalisch brauchbarer Methoden für Spannungswellenprobleme zu begründen, werden zunächst an Beispielen typische Schwächen einiger Standardmethoden gezeigt. Danach wird die neue Methode dargestellt. Dabei wird auch ein geeigneter Weg im Spannungsraum angegeben, um elastisch-plastische Wellen durch sog. einfache Wellen zu beschreiben. Die Fähigkeiten der Methode werden an einigen Beispielen überprüft. Ferner wird im Anhang, um mit numerischen Ergebnissen zu vergleichen, eine Ähnlichkeitslösung hergeleitet, die für den halbunendlichen Riß bei stoßartig aufgebrachter Belastung und Beanspruchung bis in den elastisch-plastischen Bereich gilt.
    Notes: Summary The paper deals with a numerical method combining a characteristic-based scheme and Zwas' method in order to solve the hyperbolic PDE's of elastic and elastic-plastic anti-plane shear waves in two space dimensions. First, the need of new physically reasonable numerical methods for stress waves in solids is demonstrated by numerical applications to problems with impulsive loading, where defects of some standard methods are shown. Then, the new secon-dorder accurate method is derived. A suitable procedure to model the elastic-plastic behaviour of materials by simple waves is included. The capability of the methods is demonstrated by application to several examples. Additionally, for comparison with numerical results, a similarity solution for the semi-infinite crack undergoing an elastic-plastic shock loading is derived in the appendix.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00793893
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some particular solutions for penny-shaped crack problem by using hypersingular integral equation or differential-integral equation (1998)
    Springer
    Archive of applied mechanics 68 (1998), S. 271-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0681
    Keywords: Key words penny-shaped crack ; hypersingular integral equation ; differential-integral equation ; stress intensity factor ; polynomial loading
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary A hypersingular integral equation or a differential-integral equation is used to solve the penny-shaped crack problem. It is found that, if a displacement jump (crack opening displacement COD) takes the form of (a 2−x 2−y 2)1/2 x m y n , where a denotes the radius of the circular region, the relevant traction applied on the crack face can be evaluated in a closed form, and the stress intensity factor can be derived immediately. Finally, some particular solutions of the penny-shaped crack problem are presented in this paper.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004190050164
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