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  • 1
    ISSN: 1439-0523
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Maize varieties with improved nitrogen(N)-use efficiency under low soil N conditions can contribute to sustainable agriculture. Tests were carried to see whether selection of European elite lines at low and high N supply would result in hybrids with differential adaptation to these contrasting N conditions. The objective was to analyze whether genotypic differences in N uptake and N-utilization efficiency existed in this material and to what extent these factors contributed to adaptation to low N supply. Twenty-four hybrids developed at low N supply (L × L) were compared with 25 hybrids developed at high N supply (H × H). The N uptake was determined as total above-ground N in whole plants, and N-utilization efficiency as the ratio between grain yield and N uptake in yield trials at four locations and at three N levels each. Highly significant variations as a result of hybrids and hybrids × N-level interaction were observed for grain yield as well as for N uptake and N-utilization efficiency in both hybrid types. Average yields of the L × L hybrids were higher than those of the H × H hybrids by 11.5% at low N supply and 5.4% at medium N level. There was no significant yield difference between the two hybrid types at high N supply. The L × L hybrids showed significantly higher N uptake at the low (12%) and medium (6%) N levels than the H × H hybrids. In contrast, no differences in N-utilization efficiency were observed between the hybrid types. These results indicate that adaptation of hybrids from European elite breeding material to conditions with reduced nitrogen input was possible and was mainly the result of an increase in N-uptake efficiency.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant breeding 112 (1994), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1439-0523
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Selection indices were calculated for simultaneous improvement of relevant forage maize traits. Beside indices based on primary traits [metabolizable energy yield (MEY) and content (MEC), crude protein content (CPC)] determined either in vitro or by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS), we calculated indices based on secondary (five agronomic) traits. The required phenotypic and genotypic covanance matrices were estimated from a series with 120 maize hybrids tested at three sites. Base index, heritability index, optimum index, and restricted index showed only minor differences in the expected gain in total economic worth (ΔH) for the present agricultural conditions in Germany. CPC was the least important primary trait; selection for grain yield, the most suitable secondary trait, resulted in greater ΔH values than any other index. Harvesting the whole plant and subsequently determining MEC by NIRS was the most economic selection procedure with increased economic weighting for MEC at high animal performance levels. In the latter situation, we recommend grain yield trials as a pretest in breeding programmes and official performance trials for variety registration.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant breeding 98 (1987), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1439-0523
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The importance of epistasis for forage performance and quality traits was studied in early maturing European maize (Zea mays L.) breeding materials. Sixty-six three-way crosses (3W), 33 of the flint x (dent · dent) and 33 of the dem × (flint · flint) type, were compared with the mean of their respective non-parental single crosses (〈inlineGraphic alt="inline image" href="urn:x-wiley:01799541:PBR185:PBR_185_mu1" location="equation/PBR_185_mu1.gif" extraInfo="missing"/〉) using data obtained in six environments. For each of the 11 traits examined, at least 6 out of the 66 three-way crosses displayed significant (P 〈 0.05) epistatic deviations, calculated as 〈inlineGraphic alt="inline image" href="urn:x-wiley:01799541:PBR185:PBR_185_mu1" location="equation/PBR_185_mu1.gif" extraInfo="missing"/〉– 3W. Averaged over crosses and environments, epistatic deviations were highly significant (P 〈 0,31] for 8 trails, but of minor importance except for grain yield. In general, the variance of epistatie deviations was appreciably smaller than the variance of genotype × environment interactions. Highly significant correlations occurred among epistatie deviations for silking date, dry matter content of ear, and dry matter yield of grain and stover. The reliability of predicting the performance of three-way crosses from 2W as opposed to assessing them directly was investigated as a function of the number of test environments. Disturbing e fleets of epistasis on prediction only became important under intense testing (〉 3 or 4 environments), With fewer test environments, both procedures were almost equivalent, due to a smaller influence of genotype × environment interaction on the 〈inlineGraphic alt="inline image" href="urn:x-wiley:01799541:PBR185:PBR_185_mu1" location="equation/PBR_185_mu1.gif" extraInfo="missing"/〉 values, Epistasis is concluded to be of minor importance with regard to the optimum type of hybrid for forage use.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant breeding 114 (1995), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1439-0523
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Eleven flint inbreds of maize were crossed with 11 dent inbreds according to a balanced incomplete factorial mating design to produce 66 single crosses (2W) in both reciprocal forms. Additionally, six three-way crosses (3W) were also produced in both reciprocal forms. These hybrids were evaluated for 11 forage yield and quality traits in 1983 and 1984 at three sites in Germany. Highly significant reciprocal differences were observed for nine traits in the 2W. The respective variance component estimates amounted to 2–33% of the variance component due to crosses. On average, flint × dent 2W had lower dry-matter content (DMC) than dent × flint 2W and a 1 % greater dry-matter yield (DMY) of forage. Three-way crosses produced on singles exhibited greater DMC (3%) and DMY (5%) of the ear, metabolizable energy content (MEC) of stover (1%), and DMC and DMY of forage (2%) than their reciprocal forms produced on lines. Based on this study, because of their minor importance, routine testing for reciprocal differences among 2W hybrids is not recommended.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 62 (1969), S. 61-74 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die optischen Eigenschaften des Ommatidiums im Facettenauge des Leuchtkäferchens Phausis splendidula L. wurden untersucht. 1. Der dioptrische Apparat, bestehend aus Cornealinse und Processus corneae, setzt sich aus Schichten unterschiedlicher optischer Dichte zusammen. Die höchste Brechzahl wurde in der Mitte der Linse und des Pseudoconus gefunden (n e=1,520; Abb. 4a). Die optische Dichte nimmt zu den Rändern hin ab (n e=1,356). Die Cornealinse ist eine homogene, sphärische Linse; der Pseudoconus ist ein Linsenzylinder (Abb. 5). 2. Der Brechungsindex des Conus (n e=1,349) ist höher als der der Pigmentzellen (n e=1,340). Der Conus wirkt als Lichtleiter; der Winkel der Totalreflexion αT beträgt 83,4°. Die optische Dichte der proximalen Rhabdome beträgt n e=1,351. 3. In das Ommatidium einfallende Parallelstrahlen laufen zu einem Punkt der Brennebene, die innerhalb des Pseudoconus liegt, und verlassen diesen wieder als parallele Strahlen (Abb. 5). Exners Theorie über den Strahlenverlauf im dioptrischen Apparat konnte bestätigt werden. Der Öffnungswinkel des einzelnen Ommatidiums ergibt sich zu 8°. 4. Da die Coni als Lichtleiter wirken und auch, in dunkel-adaptierten Augen nicht das gesamte Irispigment zwischen die Pseudoconi wandert (Horridge, 1968), ist es fraglich, ob eine Superposition der von mehreren Ommen entworfenen Bilder überhaupt möglich ist.
    Notes: Summary The optical properties of the ommatidium in the compound eye of the firefly Phausis splendidula L. were investigated. 1. The dioptric apparatus — corneal lens and processus corneae — is composed of layers with different optical density. The highest refractive index is found in the centre of the lens and of the pseudocone (n e=1.520; Kg. 4a). The optical density decreases to the peripheral zone (n e=1.356). The corneal lens is a homogeneous spherical lens, the pseudocone is a lens cylinder (Fig. 5). 2. The refractive index of the cone is n e=1.349, and that of the pigment cells is n e=1.340. The cone acts as a wave guide, the angle of total reflection αT is 83.4°. The optical density of the proximal rhabdoms (Fig. 1) is n e=1.351. 3. Parallel rays entering the facet of an ommatidium converge to one point in the focal plane which lies inside the pseudocone. They leave the process of the corneal lens again as parallel rays (Fig. 5). The way of light beams through the dioptric apparatus corresponds to the theory of Exner (1891). The width of the visual field of a single ommatidium is about 8°. 4. The coni act as wave guides, the whole irispigment does not migrate between the pseudoconi in the dark-adapted eye (Horridge, 1968). Light leaving an ommatidium is captured by the pigment. For these reasons it is uncertain whether a superposition of several pictures, each formed by one ommatidium, occurs.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 59 (1968), S. 205-231 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der dioptrische Apparat einzelner Ommatidien des Facettenauges von Calliphora erythrocephala (Meig.) wurde mit physiologischen und physikalischen Methoden untersucht. 1. Der physiologische Öffnungswinkel einzelner Ommen wurde in verschiedenen Augenregionen durch Beobachten der Pseudopupillen ermittelt. In der Augenmitte beträgt er 7°, am Augenrand 10°. 2. Der Divergenzwinkel der physiologischen Achsen benachbarter Ommatidien, der gleich dem anatomischen Öffnungswinkel eines Ommas ist, wurde mit der gleichen Methode für die Augenmitte zu 2°, für den lateralen Augenrand zu 3° bestimmt. 3. Das Gesichtsfeld eines gesamten Komplexauges der Schmeißfliege wird in einem Modell dargestellt. In der Horizontalen beträgt das Sehfeld 190°, in der Vertikalen 198°. 4. Die Cornea setzt sich aus optisch unterschiedlich dichten Schichten zusammen. Für die Mitte und die Randzone eines Ommatidiums ergibt sich die gleiche Brechzahl; die Cornealinse von Calliphora erythrocephala ist somit kein Linsenzylinder. 5. Der Kristallkegel hat auf Längs- und Querschnitten über die ganze Fläche den gleichen Brechungsindex von 1,337. Er ist isotrop und optisch homogen. Die umgebenden Irispigmentzellen sind optisch dichter als der Pseudoconus (1,344). Der Kristallkegel läßt sich in seinen optischen Eigenschaften mit dem Glaskörper des menschlichen Auges vergleichen. 6. Die Rhabdomerenfortsätze (n e =1,349) und die Rhabdomere (n e =1,349) haben eine höhere Brechzahl als der axiale Hohlraum (n e =1,336), die Kristallkegelbildungs- und die Sehzellen (n e =1,341). Die Rhabdomere und die distalen Kappen wirken als Lichtleiter. Der Winkel der Totalreflexion beträgt 82–84°. 7. Der Strahlenverlauf im einzelnen Ommatidium wurde berechnet und konstruiert. Die bildseitige Brennebene liegt an der Stelle, wo die Rhabdomerenfortsätze beginnen. Der dioptrische Apparat median gelegener Ommen mit kurzem Kristallkegel hat eine kleinere Brennweite als der in lateralen Einzelaugen. 8. Die physiologischen Öffnungswinkel wurden aus den physikalischen Daten für das Ommatidium zu 7° und für das einzelne Rhabdomer zu 1,2° berechnet. Das Rasterbild der Umgebung ist dadurch feinkörniger als nach der alten Theorie des musivischen Sehens angenommen wurde, nach der das Ommatidium die funktionelle Einheit darstellen sollte.
    Notes: Summary The dioptric apparatus of single ommatidia in the compound eye of Calliphora erythrocephala (Meig.) was investigated using physiological and physical methods. 1. The visual fields of single ommatidia were measured by observing pseudopupils in different eye regions. In the centre of the eye the width of the visual field is 7° and at the lateral edge 10°. 2. The inclination between the visual axis of neighbouring ommatidia is 2° in the centre, resp. 3° at the edge of the eye. 3. A model represents the total visual field of the compound eye of the blowfly: it's extend within horizontal plane is 190° and within vertical plane 198°. 4. Several layers of different optical density were found in the corneal lens in sections parallel to the axis of the ommatidium. The centre of the lens has the same refractive index as the peripheral zone. Therefore the cornea of Calliphora erythrocephala does not act as a lens cylinder. 5. The crystalline cone is homogeneous and isotropio in all directions. The refractive index is 1.337. The surrounding pigment cells show higher values (1.344). The crystalline cone of the insect investigated here has the same optical density for this wave-length (λ=546 nm) as the vitreous humor of human eye. 6. The refractive index of the rhabdomeres and their apical segments (n e = 1.349) is higher than those of the visual cells (n e = 1.341) and the Semper cells (n e =1.341) and the cavity between the rhabdomeres (n e =1.336). Therefore these structures act as wave-guides. The angle of total reflection varies from 82 to 84°. 7. The optical properties of an ommatidium were calculated and the way of the light beams is illustrated in a drawing. The inside focal plane lies at the beginning of the apical segments of the rhabdomeres. The focal distances are different in various regions of the eye. The dioptric apparatus of the median ommatidia have shorter focal distances than those within lateral parts of the eye. 8. The visual fields of an ommatidium (7°) and of a rhabdomere (1.2°) were calculated from physical data. The picture of the environment is more finely structurated than was assumed by Johannes Müller in his “mosaic theory”, where an ommatidium was thought to be the functional unit of the compound eye.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-1203
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary DNA fingerprinting with two minisatellite (33.15, M13) and two simple repeat probes [(GACA)4, (CAC)4/ (GTG)5] was performed to screen for somatic changes in the DNA from various solid human tumours in comparison with constitutional DNA from the same patient. Loss of bands or changes in band intensitities were observed. Together the probes 33.15 and (CAC)5/(GTG)5 detected deviating fingerprint patterns in 63% of the colorectal carcinomas investigated. In mammary and stomach carcinomas, only 1/11 and 2/11 tumours, respectively, showed differences with either of the three probes, 33.15, (GACA)4 and (CAC)5/(GTG)5.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 46 (1959), S. 263-263 
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
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  • 9
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    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 74 (1987), S. 339-345 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Epistasis ; Genotype x environment inter-actions ; Forage maize breeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Three-way cross means were predicted with formulae involving linear functions of general (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) effects estimated from single-cross factorials between genetically divergent populations. Data from an experiment with 66 single-cross and 66 three-way cross forage maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids was used for comparing the prediction formulae. The genotypic correlation (r) between observed and predicted three-way crosses increased with increasing χ, the weighting factor of SCA effects, for plant height and ear dry matter (DM) content. It displayed slightly convex curves for total and stover DM yield, ear percentage, and metabolizable energy content of stover. For Jenkins' method B, r was considerably less than 1.0 for all traits, indicating the presence of epistasis. The square root of heritability (hĜ) of the predicted means decreased with increasing χ, the reduction being small with a greater number of test environments. Using the product r·hĜ as a criterion of efficiency, none of the prediction methods was consistently superior and the differences among them were rather small (〈 7.5%) for all traits, irrespective of the number of test environments. We recommend evaluating the GCA of a greater number of lines from each parent population in testcrosses with a small number of elite lines from the opposite population. All possible three-way or double crosses between both sets of lines should be predicted by Jenkins's method C. This procedure allows one to select with a higher intensity among the predicted hybrids and thus should increase the genetic gain.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The European physical journal 105 (1937), S. 734-737 
    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Arbeitsweise zur Herstellung lichtelektrischer Emissionsbilder angegeben, welche auch bei tieferen Temperaturen die Kristallstruktur von Nickeloberflächen durch Bariumbedampfung sichtbar macht. Zusätzlich zu der bekannten glühelektrischen Methode der elektronenoptischen Abbildung besteht durch diese Methode heute die Möglichkeit, von Zimmertemperatur bis zur Schmelztemperatur der höchst schmelzenden Metalle elektronenoptische Kristallstrukturbilder zu erzeugen.
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