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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pairs and triplets of DES S-boxes (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of cryptology 8 (1995), S. 1-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1378
    Keywords: Data Encryption Standard (DES) ; Cryptanalysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes an investigation of a potential weakness in DES which leads to a statistical property observable in plaintext/ciphertext pairs and dependent on the key. However, the number of encryptions of known plaintext needed to exploit this property is comparable with the number of encryptions of an exhaustive key search, so the “weakness” is mainly of theoretical interest.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00204799
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ribosomal RNA cistron number in a polyploid series of plants (1974)
    Springer
    Chromosoma 46 (1974), S. 23-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0886
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A comparison has been made of the amount of DNA coding for ribosomal RNA present in a polyploid series of plants of Datura innoxia. The plants which were produced by in vitro culture of pollen grains were haploid, diploid, triploid, tetraploid and hexaploid. In all instances there was a similar proportion of DNA coding for ribosomal RNA. The implications of these results are discussed, and the data compared with that available from other series of plants of different DNA content or ploidy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00332336
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The structure of the centromere in relation to metabolic activity (1956)
    Springer
    Chromosoma 8 (1956), S. 221-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0886
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Considerable controversy exists in relation to the single or doubled nature of the centromeric region of chromosomes at metaphase of mitosis and metaphase II of meiosis. Until comparatively recently it was considered single by most workers, but observations on treated and some untreated material led others to conclude that it was double. 2. Relevant information regarding these two concepts was obtained from observations made on tapetal tissue in the anthers of two intervarietal hybrids ofHordeum vulgare, which revealed numerous cellular and nuclear abnormalities. 3. These abnormalities included-peristent meristematic activity of the cells; polyploid nuclei, uni- and multi-nucleate cells; chromosome stickiness and sticky anaphase bridges, as well as certain abnormal centromeric features such as overcharging of the centromeric chromomeres; divided centromeres at mitotic prophase; precocious repulsion of daughter centromeres. 4. All nuclear and cellular abnormalities were attributed to an upset in the nucleic acid metabolism within the cell. 5. Examples of some of the known effects of the centromere on n. a. organization and of n. a. metabolism on centromeric behaviour are discussed. 6. From a consideration of these effects, and the observed effect of an unusual n. a. metabolism on the centromeres ofH. vulgare chromosomes, it is suggested that whilst most organisms have an undivided centromere at mitotic metaphase and metaphase II of meiosis, others have divided centromeres at these stages, due either to innately differing metabolic activities or to treatment with e.g. c-mitotic substances.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01259501
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The cardiac effects of terfenadine after inhibition of its metabolism by grapefruit juice (1997)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 52 (1997), S. 311-315 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Key wordsTerfenadine ; Grapefruit juice ; QT interval
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: To determine whether the pharmacokinetics and electrocardiographic pharmacodynamics of terfenadine are affected by the concomitant administration of grapefruit juice. Methods: Six healthy volunteers were recruited for a balanced cross-over study. Each volunteer received 120 mg terfenadine 30 min after drinking 300 ml of either water or freshly squeezed grapefruit juice. The alternative treatment was administered on the second study day 2 weeks later. Measurements of the area under the terfenadine plasma concentration-time curve (AUC), maximum terfenadine concentration (Cmax) and the time to maximum concentration (tmax) were made, and the corrected QT (QTc) interval was measured from the surface electrocardiogram. Results: Terfenadine was quantifiable in plasma in all 6 subjects on both study days for up to 24 h post-dosing. The AUC of terfenadine was significantly increased by concomitant grapefruit administration (median values 40.6 vs 16.3 ng · ml−1 · h), as was the Cmax (median values 7.2 vs 2.1 ng · ml−1). The tmax was not significantly increased and there was no significant change in the median QTc interval despite the increased terfenadine levels. The 95% confidence interval for the difference in the change in QTc interval at Cmax was −13 to +38 ms. Conclusion: Administration of grapefruit juice concomitantly with terfenadine may lead to an increase in terfenadine bioavailability, but the increase observed in this study did not lead to significant cardiotoxicity in normal subjects. However, this does not exclude the risk of cardiotoxicity in high-risk subjects given greater doses of grapefruit juice over longer periods of time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002280050296
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Labetalol, a cross-over double blind controlled trial (1978)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 14 (1978), S. 301-304 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Labetalol ; methyldopa ; comparative trial ; arterial hypertension ; β-blockade ; α-blockade
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 20 patients (12 female) with moderately severe essential hypertension [blood pressure during placebo treatment 181±6 (systolic), 107±3 (diastolic)] completed a double-blind, cross-over dosetitrated comparison of labetalol and methyldopa. Both drugs reduced lying and standing arterial blood pressure to a similar extent, although only labetalol reduced heart rate. Compliance was high (〉95%) with both drugs, and the incidence of subjective adverse effects was similar.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00611897
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Disposition and oxidative metabolism of phenylbutazone in man (1977)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 11 (1977), S. 359-366 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Phenylbutazone ; 14C-label ; oxyphenbutazone ; gas chromatography ; disposition ; oxidative metabolism ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The absorption and elimination of orally administered14C-phenylbutazone and the role of oxidation in its metabolism have been studied. The main routes of excretion of14C-phenylbutazone and its metabolites were investigated in 3 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and in 1 patient with a T-tube in the common bile duct. Up to 9 days after an oral dose of14C-phenylbutazone 600 mg (30 µCi) 63% of the radioactivity was found in the urine and 14% had appeared in the faeces. The cumulative excretion of radioactivity in bile amounted to 9.5% of the dose in 4 days. Only 1% of the radioactivity in the urine and bile was due to unchanged phenylbutazone. The role of oxidative metabolism of phenylbutazone in healthy human subjects was studied by gas chromatography. In 3 subjects given a single dose of phenylbutazone 600 mg, only 8.3% of the dose was excreted in urine as oxidized metabolites after 5 days. However, in 5 patients who had taken phenylbutazone for more than 5 weeks, these metabolites accounted for 23.4% of the dose. These results suggest that oxidative metabolism becomes more important after continued administration of the drug. After a single dose of phenylbutazone, the side-chain oxidized metabolite (II) was the major free derivative excreted in urine, but the ring oxidized metabolite, oxyphenbutazone (I), was much more important than the former in plasma. However, after prolonged treatment there was little difference between the concentration of the two metabolites in plasma. This finding suggests that side-chain oxidation is increased relative to ring oxidation on prolonged treatment with phenylbutazone. A third derivative containing hydroxyl groups both in the phenyl ring and in the side-chain (metabolite III) was found in urine in experiments with phenylbutazone, but in only one out of 3 volunteers given repeated doses of oxyphenbutazone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00566533
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Factors affecting warfarin requirements (1979)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 15 (1979), S. 319-322 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: warfarin ; anticoagulation ; age ; sex ; weight
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In 228 ambulatory patients receiving treatment with warfarin, there was a progressive decline in the dose required to produce an equivalent degree of anticoagulant control with increasing age from the third decade onwards. However, the relationship between age and dose was significant only in patients receiving warfarin after episodes of venous thromboembolism or because of coronary artery disease. Patient weight was also related to warfarin requirements, although it was less important a determinant than age.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00558434
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacokinetic and concentration-effect relationships of clonidine in essential hypertension (1977)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 12 (1977), S. 463-469 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Essential hypertension ; clonidine ; plasma levels ; concentration-effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of oral doses of 300 µg of clonidine hydrochloride on blood pressure, sedation and saliva production in 5 essential hypertensives were qualitatively similar to the effects in normotensive subjects. Peak plasma clonidine concentration (1.34±0.28 ng/ml) and plasma half-life (10.0 ±0.8 h) were similar to normotensives. During chronic oral dosing there was no evidence of drug accumulation. Some tolerance to the sedative and salivary flow effects occurred but no tolerance to the hypotensive effect was observed. There was a linear relationship between reduction in saliva flow and plasma levels of clonidine. The hypotensive effect was also related to plasma level at low concentrations. At plasma levels 〉1.5 ng/ml the hypotensive effect was diminished. This loss of effect at high plasma concentration may be related to the peripheral, post-synaptic alpha-adrenoceptor agonist action of the drug.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00561067
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacokinetics of tolamolol in the treatment of hypertension (1977)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 12 (1977), S. 171-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Tolamolol ; hypertension ; pharmacokinetics ; mean steady-state concentration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Tolamolol was administered in a “double-blind” study to fifteen hypertensive patients by dose-titration against arterial blood pressure. Mean steady-state plasma tolamolol concentrations (Css) were determined for each patient from the area under the plasma concentration — time curve during a dosage interval whilst patients were receiving optimal tolamolol doses. No significant correlation was observed between daily tolamolol dose and Css; the relationship between fall in lying mean arterial pressure and Css also failed to reach conventional levels of statistical significance, but Css was observed to be correlated with the fall in standing pressure. The results suggest that plasma concentrations in excess of 200 ng/ml may be required to achieve an effective hypotensive response with the drug.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00609855
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of liver disease and environmental factors on hepatic monooxygenase activity in vitro (1981)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 20 (1981), S. 39-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: liver disease ; environmental factors ; cytochrome P-450 ; NADPH-cytochrome c reductase ; aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase ; caffeine ; alcohol ; cigarette smoking ; meat consumption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of liver disease and environmental factors on hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 content, NADPH-cytochrome c reductase (reductase) activity and aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity have been simultaneously investigated in 70 patients undergoing diagnostic liver biopsy. The activity of reductase was not significantly affected by the presence of liver disease or any of the environmental factors studied. Cytochrome P-450 content decreased with increasing severity of liver disease whereas AHH activity was only significantly reduced in biopsies showing hepatocellular destruction. None of the parameters of monooxygenase activity varied significantly with the age or sex of the patients. Alcohol excess was associated with decreased cytochrome P-450 content and AHH activity and this effect was independent of the histological status of the biopsy. Both high caffeine intake and cigarette smoking increased AHH activity in the absence of any change in cytochrome P-450 content. There was a positive correlation between the number of meat meals eaten per week and cytochrome P-450 content. Chronic treatment with enzyme-inducing anticonvulsants appeared to increase both cytochrome P-450 content and AHH activity. Despite differential effects of liver disease and environmental influences on cytochrome P-450 content and AHH activity there was a highly significant correlation between the two parameters. The results of the present study correlate well with the known effects of disease and environment on drug metabolism in vivo.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00554665
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