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  • 1
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Somatostatin analogue ; gut hormones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary SMS 201 995 is a new long acting analogue of somatostatin. We have investigated its effect on basal and meal stimulated secretion of gut hormones and have shown that after a single s. c. injection of 50 μg it lowers significantly the basal plasma levels of pancreatic polypeptide, secretin, motilin, pancreatic glucagon and insulin, it also effectively suppresses the postprandial release of pancreatic polypeptide, gastrin, secretin, gastric inhibitory peptide, pancreatic glucagon and insulin. Except for the usual brief discomfort of an injection, no symptoms or untoward effects were observed.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1866
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Mo-Bi mineralization occurs in subvertical and subhorizontal quartz-muscovite-± K-feldspar veins surrounded by early albitic and later K-feldspathic alteration halos in monzogranite of the Archean Preissac pluton, Abitibi region, Québec, Canada. Molybdenite is intergrown with muscovite in the veins or associated with K-feldspar in the alteration halos. Mineralized veins contain five main types of fluid inclusions: aqueous liquid and liquid-vapor inclusions, aqueous carbonic liquid-liquid-vapor inclusions, carbonic liquid and vapor inclusions, halite-bearing aqueous liquid and liquid-vapor inclusions, trapped mineral-bearing aqueous liquid and liquid-vapor inclusions. The carbonic solid in frozen carbonic and aqueous-carbonic inclusions melts in most cases at −56.7 ± 0.1 °C indicating that the carbonic fluid consists largely of CO2. All aqueous inclusion types and the aqueous phase in carbonic inclusions have low initial melting temperatures (≥70 °C), requiring the presence of salts other than NaCl. Leachate analyses show that the bulk fluid contains variable proportions of Na, K, Ca, Cl, and traces of Mg and Li. The following solids were identified in the fluid inclusions by SEM-EDS analysis: halite, calcite, muscovite, millerite (NiS), barite and antarcticite (CaCl2 · 6H2O). All are interpreted to be trapped phases except halite which is a daughter mineral, and antarcticite which formed during sample preparation (freezing). Aqueous inclusions homogenize to liquid at temperatures between 75 °C and 400 °C; the mode is 375 °C. Aqueous-carbonic inclusions homogenize to liquid or vapor between 210 °C and 400 °C. Halite-bearing aqueous inclusions homogenize by halite dissolution at approximately 170 °C. Aqueous inclusions containing trapped solids exhibit liquid-vapor homogenization at temperatures similar to those of halite-bearing aqueous inclusions. Temperatures of vein formation, based on oxygen isotopic fractionation between quartz and muscovite, range from 342 °C to 584 °C. The corresponding oxygen isotope composition of the aqueous fluid in equilibrium with these minerals ranges from 1.2 to 5.5 per mil with a mean of 3.9 per mil, suggesting that the liquid had a significant meteoric component. Isochores for aqueous fluid inclusions intersect the modal isotopic isotherm of 425 °C at pressures between 590 and 1900 bar. A model is proposed in which molybdenite was deposited owing to decreasing temperature and/or pressure from CO2-bearing, moderate to high salinity fluids of mixed magmatic-meteoric origin that were in equilibrium with K-feldspar and muscovite. These fluids resulted from the degassing of a monzogranitic magma and evolved through interaction with volcanic (komatiitic) and sedimentary country rocks.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mineralium deposita 29 (1994), S. 373-390 
    ISSN: 1432-1866
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract An experimental study of the solubility of Pt and Pd sulfides and Au metal in aqueous bisulfide solutions was conducted at temperatures from 200° to 350 °C and at saturated vapor pressure. A 500-mL Bridgemantype pressure vessel constructed of titanium, and equipped with a motor-driven magnetic stirrer was employed. The pH and the oxidation state were buffered by the coexistence of H2S/HS−/SO inf4 sup2− . The pH at temperature was calculated to be in the range 5.91–9.43, and ∑S was 0.3–2.2 m. Under the experimental conditions, the measured solubility of gold is about two to three orders of magnitude greater than that of either platinum and palladium, and the measured solubility of platinum is, in general, approximately equal to that of palladium, in molal units. The solubilities are found to be in the range: platinum 4–800 ppb, palladium 1–400 ppb, and gold 2–300 ppm. The solubility data can be modeled adequately using the following reactions: Au+H2S+HH−=Au(HS) 2 − +1/2H2 (K14); PtS+HS−+H+=Pt (HS) 2 0 (K15); PdS+HS−+H+=Pd (HS) 2 0 (K16); PtS2+H2=Pt (HS) 2 0 (K21). With equilibrium constants determined as follows (errors represent two standard deviations): Preliminary measurements of the solubilities of metallic Pt, Pd and Au as hydroxide complexes were also conducted using a second titanium pressure vessel, at temperatures of 200° to 350 °C and vapor saturation pressure, with pH and the oxidation state controlled or buffered by adding known amounts of NaOH and H2 gas. The concentration of NaOH was in the range 0.01–1.3 m, and the partial pressure of H2 at 200 °C was 62–275 bars, initially. Under the temperature and pressure conditions of these experiments, the solubility of platinum in 1 m NaOH solution is less than 100 ppb, that of palladium is less than 10 ppb and that of gold is less than 0.2 ppm; and in 0.01 m NaOH solutions, both Pt and Pd solubilities are less than 1 ppb. These data indicate that the contributions of hydroxide complexes to the total solubilities in the bisulfide runs, where the pH was in the range of 5.9–9.4, are negligible. The concentrations of both Pt and Pd as bisulfide complexes in the Salton Sea geothermal system predicted using the stability constants determined in this work agree very well with those values measured by McKibben et al. (1990). This calculation strongly suggests that the PGE are transported in moderately reducing, near neutral hydrothermal fluids as bisulfide complexes, as is gold. However, the much lower maximum solubility of the PGE relative to gold severely constrains models of re genesis, and may explain the relative rarity of hydrothermal PGE deposits compared to the relative abundance of hydrothermal Au deposits.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mineralium deposita 29 (1994), S. 309-317 
    ISSN: 1432-1866
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Two sets of measurements of the solubility of Pt and Pd in bisulfide solutions have been carried out at low temperatures. The first involved the equilibration of Pt metal with bisulfide solutions at 25 °C and pH = 6–12 for periods up to five years. These experiments yielded Pt concentrations on the order of tens of μg/L at sulfide concentrations as low as 0.001 molal under conditions too reducing to permit significant contributions from hydroxide complexes. The second set of experiments consisted of reacting PtS, PdS and Au with H2S-saturated solutions having pH values of 3–4 at 25°, 50° and 90 °C. These experiments showed that the solubilities of all three metals increased with temperature. The observed order of solubility was Au 〉 Pt ≈ Pd. Solubilities ranged from 10 to 75 μg/L Au, 4 to 20 μg/L Pt and 0.5 to 10 μg/L Pd. The data do not permit definitive identification of the Pt and Pd species present in either set of experiments, but do strongly suggest that the species present under acidic and basic conditions are different. The measured solubility of gold at 25° and 50 °C is consistent with that measured in previous studies. Although the measured Pt and Pd solubilities are not as high as those estimated by theoretical methods, it is nevertheless evident that bisulfide complexation can lead to the remobilization of Pt and Pd over a wide range of pH under reducing conditions at geologically reasonable sulfide concentrations, at low as well as high temperatures. Such conditions are characteristic of a wide variety of geological environments where Pt and Pd have been inferred to have been affected by hydrothermal transport. In these cases, bisulfide complexation is far more effective than chloride or hydroxide complexes in transporting the PGE.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 57 (1985), S. 3250-3251 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Mössbauer measurements were made on LaNi4.7Sn0.3 at room and liquid nitrogen temperatures. Experimental data yielded a singlet at room temperature and a doublet at liquid nitrogen temperature. Spectra of the hydrided sample yielded a doublet at liquid nitrogen temperature with an increase in the quadrupole splitting compared to the unhydrided spectra, but no change in the isomer shift. These data indicate that there is no significant interaction between the tin and the hydrogen. The magnetic character remained the same down to liquid nitrogen temperature as evidenced by the Mössbauer data. X-ray diffraction measurements on the hydride showed an expanded lattice with the same structure as found for the unhydrided sample. A decrease in particle size was observed upon hydriding.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 74 (1999), S. 2540-2542 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Using specially prepared structures, we have observed emission from a layer of direct-gap "monitor" material placed between the p-contact layer and p-cladding layer of a conventional 670 nm GaInP laser diode at room temperature. This observation provides direct evidence for electron leakage through the p-cladding layer in these devices. Furthermore, although emission from the quantum well and waveguide core both pin above threshold, indicating that the Fermi levels clamp throughout the active region, the monitor emission continues to rise above threshold. This is characteristic of a drift component to the leakage current, which we have confirmed by a simulation of the carrier transport processes through the cladding layer with and without drift. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 75 (1999), S. 1748-1750 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: By placing a direct-gap monitor layer (or collector) in the p-cladding layer of red-emitting AlGaInP laser diode structures, we have studied the transport of electrons through this layer by observation of spontaneous emission. Pulsed optical excitation superimposed on cw electrical injection has been used to determine the delay time between optical injection of carriers into the well and radiative recombination from the monitor pit. Computer simulations using measured values of minority carrier lifetime for the well and monitor layer show that the transit time for electrons through the p-cladding layer correspond to an electron mobility of 160 cm2/V s. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung ¶Experimentelle Bestimmung der hydrothermalen Löslichkeit von Platingruppen-Elementen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von Porphyry Copper-Systemen Wir haben eine Reihe von Experimenten zur Löslichkeit von metallischem Osmium und Palladium in überkritischen wässrigen KCl Fluiden durchgeführt. Dabei war pH durch die Assoziation K-Feldspat-Quarz-Muskovit gepuffert, die Sauerstoff-Fugazität wurde durch verschiedene Sauerstoffpuffer bei 400 und 500°C kontrolliert. Ein wichtiges Ziel dieser sorgfältig eingegrenzten Experimente war es, die derzeit bestehenden theoretischen Modelle zur PGE-Löslichkeit zu testen. Unsere experimentellen Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Konzentration von Osmium in einer 1,0 m KCl-Lösung mit Ni-NiO (NNO) Puffer bei 500°C ungefähr 3 ppb (≈ 1,9 × 10−8 mol/kg H2O) beträgt, wogegen die Konzentration von Osmium in einer 1,5 m KCl-Lösung, auch durch NNO bei 500°C gepuffert, bei ≈ 130 ppb (≈ 6,5 × 10−7 mol/kg H2O) liegt. Dass der pH in beiden Experimenten fast identisch ist, weist darauf hin, dass Osmium in der Lösung als Chloridkomplex vorliegt. Die Konzentration von Osmium in einer 1,5 m KCl-Lösung, aber mit einem Puffer mit höherer Sauerstoff-Fugazität (Re-ReO2) (RRO) gepuffert, ist ungefähr um eine Größenordnung höher (≈ 1705 ppb; ≈ 1 × 10−5 mol/kg H2O). Die Palladium-Konzentration in einer 0,1 m KCl-Lösung, die durch RRO bei 500°C gepuffert wird, und in einer 0,1 m KCl-Lösung, die bei 400°C durch MnO-Mn3O4 gepuffert wird, sind 40 ppb (≈ 3,8 × 10−7 mol/kg H2O) und ungefähr 15 ppb (1,4 × 10−7 mol/kg H2O). Unsere experimentellen Ergebnisse zur Löslichkeit von Palladium-Metall zeigen, zusammen mit Geländebeobachtungen, dass die theoretischen Berechnungen von Sassani und Shock (1990, 1998) die Löslichkeit von Palladium unter superkritischen Bedingungen um viele Gröβenordnungen unterschätzen. Dies lässt sich direkt auf Porphyry Copper-Systeme anwenden, weil in diesen Temperaturen, pH, Salinität und Sauerstoff-Fugazität den experimentellen Parametern weitgehend entsprechen. Die Anwendung unserer experimentellen Ergebnisse zeigt, dass ein typisches Porphyry Copper-System mindestens 40 t Palladium transportieren kann, wenn Quellen von Platingruppen-Elementen (PGE) verfügbar sind und wenn die Phase, die die Löslichkeit kontrolliert, metallisches Pd ist. In ähnlicher Weise läβt sich die Menge von Osmium, die in einem typischen Porphyry-System transportiert werden kann, mit mindestens 3 t berechnen. Porphyry-Systeme sind somit in der Lage, ausreichend PGE zu transportieren, um zumindest PGE-Lagerstätten mittlerer Gröβe zu erzeugen. Das Fehlen von bedeutendem Osmium-Mineralisation in bekannten Porphyry-Lagerstätten läβt sich entweder auf das Fehlen geeigneter Metallquellen, oder auf die Anwesenheit von Osmium in weniger löslichem Form, wie z.B. als Sulfid, zurückführen.
    Notes: Summary  We have conducted a series of experiments on the solubility of metallic osmium and palladium in supercritical aqueous KCl fluids in which pH was buffered by the assemblage K-feldspar-quartz-muscovite and oxygen fugacity was controlled by various oxygen buffers at 400° and 500°C. An important objective of these well-constrained experiments is to evaluate current theoretical models of PGE solubility. Our experimental results indicate that the concentration of Os in a 1.0 m KCl solution buffered by the Ni-NiO (NNO) assemblage at 500°C is ∼ 3 ppb (∼1.9 × 10−8 moles/kg H2O), whereas the concentration of Os in a 1.5 m KCl solution also buffered by NNO at 500°C is ∼ 130 ppb (∼ 6.5 × 10−7 moles/kg H2O). As the pH in these two experiments is nearly the same, this finding implies that Os is present in solution as a chloride complex. The concentration of Os in a 1.5 m KCl solution but buffered by a higher oxygen fugacity buffer (Re-ReO2 assemblage) (RRO) is about one order of magnitude higher (∼ 1705 ppb; ∼ 1 × 10−5 moles/kg H2O). The palladium concentrations in a 0.1 m KCl solution buffered by RRO at 500°C and in a 0.1 m KCl solution buffered by MnO-Mn3O4 at 400°C are ∼ 40 ppb (∼ 3.8 × 10−7 moles/kg H2O) and ∼ 15 ppb (1.4 × 10−7 moles/kg H2O), respectively. Our experimental results on the solubility of Pd metal in combination with field observations show that the theoretical calculations of Sassani and Shock (1990, 1998) on palladium underestimate the solubility of palladium by many orders of magnitude under supercritical conditions. Our experimental results are directly applicable to porphyry copper systems because in such systems temperature, pH, salinity and oxygen fugacity are similar to the experimental parameters. Application of our experimental results indicate that a typical porphyry systems can transport at least 40 tons of Pd if sources of platinum-group elements (PGE) are available and the solubility-controlling phase is metallic Pd. Similarly, the amount of osmium that can be transported in a typical porphyry system is calculated to be at least ∼ 3 tons. Consequently, porphyry systems have the capacity to transport sufficient PGE to form at least mid-sized PGE deposits. The absence of important Os mineralization in known porphyry deposits may be due to the lack of availability of source materials, or to the presence of Os in less soluble forms, such as sulfides.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 30 (1974), S. 167-168 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Résumé Quelques propriétés respiratoires du sang de la raie (Raia clavata) ont été déterminées avec des échantillons de cathéter intravasculaire. Chaque échantillon était utilisé seulement pour deux points de la courbe de dissociation −O2−, parce que les propriétés changent après une demie-heure. On a constaté un effet de Bohr (Δ log P50/Δ pH=−0.25±0.03) ainsi que celui d'Haldane.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 26 (1994), S. 79-89 
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Twenty water samples and 18 underlying sediment samples were collected near effluent discharges along 30 km of a surface stream, Degh Nala, Pakistan, which receives effluents from two major industrial areas. Water quality parameters were very poor, except for reference samples collected upstream from the industrial areas and from a freshwater canal into which the Nala flows. Mercury (Hg) concentrations were extremely high in waters (up to 72 mg/L) and sediments (up to 887 μg/g) from the upper reaches, and minor influxes from other sites maintained Hg at alarming levels. Concentrations of DDT (1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane) and its metabolites were greater than 1.0 μg/g in two sediment samples. The acute toxicity of water samples to the freshwater planarian, Dugesia dorotocephala, was generally consistent with degree of contamination.
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