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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 63 (1992), S. 2485-2487 
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) requires ion sources delivering intense negative ion beams of high stability. In addition, a multitarget system and a vacuum lock for sample loading are essential for efficient operation. We present a new design of a cesium (Cs) negative ion sputter source with the following features: the vacuum chamber of the ion source and the target cassette are at ground potential. Batches of targets can be loaded and unloaded without interrupting the operation of the source. All control systems for sample loading and automatic changing are also at ground potential. This ion source concept has already been successfully applied to AMS at our laboratory. The new design incorporates a spherical Cs surface ionizer to increase the negative ion currents. Difficulties in realizing this concept are the high electric fields inside the vacuum chamber in an environment with high Cs vapor pressure. Also critical are the proper and reliable operation of all mechanical components under these conditions and the large temperature gradients.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Manganese nodules from the Kane Gap (a deep sea channel connecting the Sierra Leone and Gambia Basins off West Africa) were investigated chemically and dated by10Be along cross-sections. Comparing the nodule structure with the stratigraphy of the related sediments, the following conclusions are drawn concerning the sedimentation processes during the last 4 to 6×106 years: The growth of the nodules started about 4 to 4.5 Ma before present during or near to the end of a period of erosion on a fossil-free, probably Miocene sediment. During the first phase of only a few hundred thousandyears, the nodules grew very quickly (7 to 〉18 mm/Ma). Fe-rich hydrogenetic material formed the internal sections of the nodules during this time. Slowing down of the bottom currents, resulting in deposition of thin sediment covers for short intervals, caused the character of the nodules to change to a more diagenetic composition. The growth rates were reduced to about 1 to 2 mm/Ma. The time of slowing is roughly 3 to 4 Ma BP. Probable uncertainties of the dating and growth rates resulting from supposed changes of the10Be supply to the nodules due to variations of the near bottom environment are discussed.
    Abstract: Résumé Le «Kana Gap» est un chenal sous-marin qui relie les bassins de Sierra Leone et de Gambie, au large de l'Afrique occidentale. Des nodules de manganèse, recueillis le long de profils transversaux dans ce chenal, ont fait l'objet d'une étude chimique et d'une détermination d'âge10Be. La comparaison entre la structure des nodules et la stratigraphie des sédiments sous-jacents permet de tirer les conclusions suivantes relatives au processus sédimentaire au cours des 4 à 6 derniers Ma. La croissance des nodules a commencé il y a environ 4 à 4,5 Ma pendant ou juste après un épisode d'érosion sous-marine sur des sédiments non fossilifères, probablement miocènes. Au cours d'une première phase d'une durée de quelques centaines de milliers d'années, la croissance a été très rapide (7 à 〉 18 mm par Ma) avec formation de la partie centrale du nodule, constituée de matière hydrogénée riche en Fe. Ensuite, après ralentissement des courants de fond et dépôt probable d'une mince couche de sédiment, le caractère des nodules a évolué vers une composition plus diagénétique, avec réduction du taux de croissance à 1 à 2 mm par Ma. Le moment de ce changement de régime doit se situer entre 3 et 4 Ma. Des changements dans les conditions de milieu sur le fond de la mer pourraient avoir provoqué une variation de la quantité de10Be apportée aux nodules, d'où résulterait une incertitude sur l'estimation des âges et du taux de croissance; cette question est discutée par les auteurs.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung An Manganknollen aus der Kane-Lücke, dem Verbindungskanal zwischen Sierra Leone Becken und Gambia Becken (vor W-Afrika) wurden entlang Querprofilen durch mehrere Knollen chemische Untersuchungen und10Be Altersbestimmungen durchgeführt. Durch Vergleich des Aufbaus der Knollen mit der Stratigraphie des unterlagernden Sediments werden Rückschlüsse auf Veränderungen des Sedimentationsgeschehens während der letzten 4–6×106 Jahre gezogen. Hiernach begann das Wachstum der Knollen vor maximal 4.5×106 Jahren während oder gegen Ende einer Erosionsphase auf fossilfreiem, vermutlich miozänem Sediment. Während der ersten Phase wuchsen die Knollen über wenige 100000 Jahre sehr schnell (7 bis〉18 mm/106 Jahre). Hierbei schied sich Fe-reiche Knollensubstanz hydrogener Zusammensetzung ab. Nach Verringerung der Strömung und vermutlich zeitweiser Bildung von dünnen Sedimentschleiern änderte sich der Charakter der Knollen zu mehr diagnetischer Zusammensetzung bei wesentlich reduziertem Wachstum (ca. 1 bis 2 mm/106 Jahre). Der Zeitpunkt der Umstellung ist nur sehr grob zu ermitteln, er dürfte etwa zwischen 3 und 4×106 Jahren vor heute liegen. Eventuelle Unsicherheiten bei der Datierung und den Wachstumsraten, die möglicherweise aus milieubedingten Änderungen in der10Be Versorgung der Knollen resultieren, werden diskutiert.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0894
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we present accelerator radiocarbon measurements on hand picked benthic and planktonic foraminifera separated from two deep sea cores raised from the South China Sea. From the benthic-planktonic age differences we are able to place limits on the extent to which the ventilation rate of the deep Pacific Ocean has changed over the last 12000 years. While much work remains to be done before any definitive answers for the global oceans can be given, these results on cores with sedimentation rates suitably high to avoid major corrections for bioturbation effects suggest that the ventilation rate of the deep Pacific Ocean has remained nearly the same throughout Holocene time. Further, there is no suggestion that the rate was slower during the period of major glacial retreat. These results confirm that the changes in atmospheric14C/C ratio over the last 10000 years owe their origin to radiocarbon production rate changes.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key words15N ; Forests ; Spruce ; Picea abies ; NO2 deposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The 15N ratio of nitrogen oxides (NOx) emitted from vehicles, measured in the air adjacent to a highway in the Swiss Middle Land, was very high [δ15N(NO2) = +5.7‰]. This high 15N abundance was used to estimate long-term NO2 dry deposition into a forest ecosystem by measuring δ15N in the needles and the soil of potted and autochthonous spruce trees [Picea abies (L.) Karst] exposed to NO2 in a transect orthogonal to the highway. δ15N in the current-year needles of potted trees was 2.0‰ higher than that of the control after 4 months of exposure close to the highway, suggesting a 25% contribution to the N-nutrition of these needles. Needle fall into the pots was prevented by grids placed above the soil, while the continuous decomposition of needle litter below the autochthonous trees over previous years has increased δ15N values in the soil, resulting in parallel gradients of δ15N in soil and needles with distance from the highway. Estimates of NO2 uptake into needles obtained from the δ15N data were significantly correlated with the inputs calculated with a shoot gas exchange model based on a parameterisation widely used in deposition modelling. Therefore, we provide an indication of estimated N inputs to forest ecosystems via dry deposition of NO2 at the receptor level under field conditions.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Planta 179 (1989), S. 228-234 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: ATP-sulfurylase-adenosine 5′-phosphosulfate sulfotransferase ; Pisum (sulfate reduction) ; Proplastid ; Sulfite reductase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The localization of enzymes of assimilatory sulfate reduction was examined in roots of 5-d-old pea (Pisum sativum L.) seedlings. During an 8-h period, roots of intact plants incorporated more label from 35SO 4 2- in the nutrient solution into the amino-acid and protein fractions than shoots. Excised roots and roots of intact plants assimilated comparable amounts of radioactivity from 35SO 4 2- into the amino-acid and protein fractions during a 1-h period, demonstrating that roots of pea seedlings at this stage of development were not completely dependent on the shoots for reduced sulfur compounds. Indeed, these roots contained activities of ATP-sulfurylase (EC 2.7.7.4), adenosine 5′-phosphosulfate sulfotransferase, sulfite reductase (EC 1.8.7.1) and O-acetyl-l-serine sulfhydrylase (EC 4.2.99.8) at levels of 50, 30, 120 and 100%, respectively, of that in shoots. Most of the extractable activity of adenosine 5′-phosphosulfate sulfotransferase was detected in the first centimeter of the root tip. Using sucrose density gradients for organelle separation from this part of the root showed that almost 40% of the activity of ATP-sulfurylase, adenosine 5′-phosphosulfate sulfotransferase and sulfite reductase banded with the marker enzyme for proplastids, whereas only approximately 7% of O-acetyl-l-serine sulfhydrylase activity was detected in these fractions. Because their distributions on the gradients were very similar to that of nitrite reductase, a proplastid enzyme, it is concluded that ATP-sulfurylase, adenosine 5′-phosphosulfate sulfotransferase and sulfite reductase are also exclusively or almost exclusively localized in the proplastids of pea roots. O-Acetyl-l-serine sulfhydrylase is predominantly present in the cytoplasm.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Planta 155 (1982), S. 321-327 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Chloroplast (serine acetyltransferase) ; Cysteine ; Serine acetyltransferase ; Spinacia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Intact chloroplasts isolated from spinach leaves by a combination of differential and Percoll density gradient centrifugation and free of mitochondrial and peroxisomal contamination contained about 35% of the total leaf serine acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.30) activity. No appreciable activity of the enzyme could be detected in the gradient fractions containing broken chloroplasts, mitochondria, and peroxisomes. L-cysteine added to the incubation mixture at 1 mM almost completely inhibited serine acetyltransferase activity, both of leaf and chloroplast extracts. D-cysteine was much less inhibitory. L-cystine up to 5 mM and O-acetyl-L-serine up to 10 mM had no effect on the enzyme activity. When measured at pH 8.4, the enzyme extracted from the leaves had a K m for L-serine of 2.4, the enzyme from the chloroplasts a K m of 2.8 mM.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 75 (1988), S. 869-874 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Auxin ; Auxotrophs ; BUdR ; Enrichment ; Temperature sensitivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A protocol has been developed for the negative selection of plant auxotrophs using the nucleoside analogues BUdR and FUdR. The protocol was optimised using nitrogen-starved protoplast-derived cells of Nicotiana plumbaginifolia to simulate auxotrophy. The present results represent a significant improvement over previous reports in that: 1) The background of colonies escaping BUdR/FUdR kill is low and reproducible. 2) The protocol was improved to the point where background survival was 0.03% for non-starved cultures and 0.09% for auxin-starved cultures. 3) It was shown that UV irradiation decreases BUdR sensitivity of dividing cells and that this is overcome by increased exposure to BUdR. 4) Application of the method to auxin-starved haploid protoplast-derived cell suspensions resulted, for the first time, in the selection of temperature-sensitive (ts) auxin auxotrophs. 5) It could be demonstrated, for the first time, that the method in practice enriches for auxotrophs, in this case by a factor of 10 for auxin auxotrophs and at least 60 for ts auxin auxotrophs.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract In the ejected electron spectra from collisions of C2+, O4+ and Si10,11,12+ with argon toms at energies of 2–4 MeV/amu, a series of intense lines has been observed, which originates from doubly excited autoionizing states of Belike projectiles. These lines correspond to electron energies between 2 and 20 eV in the projectile frame. For kinematic reasons these lines can only be detected near the forward direction.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 54 (1998), S. 1042-1051 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Key words. Epidermis; primary cell culture; rainbow trout; growth curve; histology; immunofluorescence; electron microscopy.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. This is the first report on a primary culture of dispersed skin epidermal cells of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum. These primary cells revealed a low seeding efficiency after 3 days (11.6 ± 4.6%), whereas subcultured cells had a higher seeding efficiency at the same time point (75.5 ± 34.0%) and increased in cell number (150 – 200% of seeded cells after 20 to 30 days). The cells were characterized applying histological, immunocytochemical and ultrastructural methods. The culture consisted of undifferentiated keratinocytes. Mucous cells as well as differentiated epithelial cells were absent. To date the cells were cultured for maximally 9 passages and 402 days and therefore provide the possibility for long-term studies.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The European physical journal 286 (1978), S. 233-234 
    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Continuum electrons centered in velocity about that of the projectile and ejected near zero degrees in the laboratory frame have been observed for collisions of highly stripped Cq+ and Oq+ ions incident on Argon. For fully stripped projectile ions, the Z dependence and the velocity dependence of the continuum capture cross section have been determined for beam energies of 1.6 to 2.8 MeV/amu. Striking disagreements are noted between some results of this work and present theoretical predictions.
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