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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Solute pairing in solution-hardened Cu-Ni, Cu-Pd binary, and Cu-Ni-Pd ternary fcc alloys (1992)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 71 (1992), S. 150-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The pairing of solute atoms in solution-hardened binary and ternary face-centered cubic (fcc) binary and ternary Cu alloys has been investigated with the EXAFS (extended x-ray-absorption fine structure) technique using synchrotron radiation. Two binary Cu alloys, one containing 6 at. % Ni and the other 6 at. % Pd and a ternary Cu alloy containing 3 at. % Ni and 3 at. % Pd alloy were studied. The solute concentration in each system was chosen below that (8.33 at. %) required for finding one solute-solute pair in the first coordination sphere in the fcc structure. Detailed simulations of the experimental EXAFS signal arising from the first coordination shell of the Ni and Pd solute atoms in these alloys give the following results: (i) In both binary and ternary alloys, Ni is coordinated by 12 Cu host atoms at a distance equal to sum of the Goldschmidt radii. There is little evidence for Ni-Ni pairing. (ii) On the other hand, Pd-Pd pairing is found in both the binary and ternary systems. In addition, chemical interaction with the Cu matrix is evident from the Pd-Cu separation of 2.60 A(ring) which is ∼0.05 A(ring) shorter than the sum of their Goldschmidt radii. (iii) Finally, there is no pairing of Ni-Pd solute atoms in the ternary alloy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.350728
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of GaAs self-aligned refractory-gate metal-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MESFET) integrated circuits (1987)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 61 (1987), S. 3080-3092 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: GaAs metal-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MESFETs) and other integrated-circuit elements were characterized by including extensive process test sites on wafers with digital logic and memory circuits. A self-aligned, refractory-gate enhancement/depletion (E/D) process was employed which included 47SiF+ channel and source/drain implants, capless arsenic overpressure furnace annealing, WSi0.11 gate metal with in situ sputter cleaning, Ni-Au-Ge ohmic contacts, Si3N4 or SiO2 insulation, and Ni-Au wiring. On-water threshold voltage standard deviations as low as 31 mV for 1-μm E-FETs and 49 mV for 1-μm D-FETs were measured using 51-mm standard semi-insulating liquid-encapsulated Czochralski GaAs substrates. Threshold voltage control from wafer to wafer was of order 100 mV. Schottky diode barrier height was about 0.73 eV with an ideality of 1.2, although small self-aligned Schottky gates often showed excess conduction believed to occur at the gate edges. FET square-law coefficient, subthreshold leakage, gate capacitance, backgating, contact resistance, and wiring and insulation characteristics were also measured and found satisfactory. Fully functional 1-μm gate E/D MESFET circuits including a 4×4 bit multiplier, a 4×4 crosspoint switch, a 448-bit static RAM, and an integrated photodiode amplifier were demonstrated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.337808
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth of InGaAs structures using in situ electrochemically generated arsine (1990)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 57 (1990), S. 1684-1686 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The use, transportation, and storage of the hazardous gas, arsine, raise serious safety issues. Consequently, there is considerable interest in the generation of arsine on demand from less hazardous substances. We report the first use of in situ generated arsine for III-V epitaxy. The gas has been generated electrochemically at an arsenic cathode in an aqueous electrolyte and used to supply a hydride vapor phase epitaxy reactor. InGaAs/InP test structures were grown on InP substrates and were similar to comparison structures grown using tank arsine. Recessed-gate enhanced Schottky metal-semiconductor field-effect transistors were fabricated and exhibited well-behaved current-voltage characteristics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.104136
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Control of local and total sweating during exercise transients (1971)
    Springer
    International journal of biometeorology 15 (1971), S. 201-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01803898
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modification of central sweating drive at the periphery (1971)
    Springer
    International journal of biometeorology 15 (1971), S. 268-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01803910
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrogen distribution in polymers determined by proton track counting and 14 MeV neutron activation analysis (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of radioanalytical and nuclear chemistry 112 (1987), S. 425-433 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2780
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Bulk and surface nitrogen levels of compression-molded samples of polyacrylonitrile, poly (styrene-co-acrylonitrile), poly(methacrylonitrile), polycaprolactam, polyimide, and a cured epoxy resin (EPON 828 — JEFFAMINE T-403, 100:50) were determined, respectively, by 14 MeV NAA (14N(n,2n)13N) and by analysis of proton tracks registered in cellulose nitrate detectors (CN85) as a result of their exposure to protons from the termal neutron induced reaction,14N(n,p)14C. Except for a few polymers, agreement of results obtained for nitrogen levels in the bulk and surface regions is within expected limits. Intrinsic limitations of the method for practical determinations of nitrogen are covered. The spatial homogeneity of materials consisting of nitrogen and non-nitrogen containing segments is easily determined by image analysis of proton track densities. These data are then used to construct nitrogen distribution plots and topographical maps. The potential ability of the proton track image analysis technique for distinguishing phase separation or immiscibility of nitrogen containing polymers is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02132375
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Behavioral implications of mechanistic ecology (1973)
    Springer
    Oecologia 13 (1973), S. 1-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Mechanistic principles from engineering, meteorology, and soil physics are integrated with ecology and physiology to develop models for prediction of animal behavior. The Mojave Desert biome and the desert iguana are used to illustrate these principles. A transient energy balance model for animals in an outdoor environment is presented. The concepts and relationships have been tested in a wind tunnel, in a simulated desert, and in the field. The animal model requires anatomical information and knowledge of the thermoregulatory responses of the animal. The micrometeorological model requires only basic meteorological parameters and two soil physical properties as inputs. Tests of the model in the field show agreement between predicted and measured temperatures above and below the surface of about 2 to 3°C. The animal and micrometeorological models are combined to predict daily and seasonal activity patterns, available times for predator-prey interaction, and daily, seasonal and annual requirements for food and water. It is shown that food, water and the thermal environment can limit animal activity, and furthermore, the controlling limit changes with season. Actual observations of activity patterns and our predictions show close agreement, in many cases, and pose intriguing questions in those situations where agreement does not exist. This type of modeling can be used to further study predator-prey interactions, to study how changes in the environment might affect animal behavior, and to answer other important ecological and physiological questions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00379617
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the role of crystal imperfections in photographic sensitivity (1954)
    Springer
    The European physical journal 138 (1954), S. 381-393 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary The role of crystal imperfections in the formation of the latent image in large crystals of silver bromide has now been established by experimental work. The internal latent image is formed by the separation of silver along dislocation lines associated with strained regions of the crystal and with the boundaries of the polyhedral substructure. Chemical sensitizing agents are adsorbed and react preferentially at the surfaces of regions of strain and imperfection in the crystals. Non-reacting sensitizing molecules are also adsorbed in the same regions because of the higher density of kink sites associated with them. This means that the chemical sensitizers are concentrated at the surfaces of strained and imperfect parts of the crystal where positive holes and electrons liberated during exposure are most likely to be trapped. It is postulated that the trapping of the holes occurs before that of the electrons and leaves the surface with a positive charge due to an excess of silver ions. The bromine atoms formed by the trapping of the holes by bromide ions occupying kink sites combine with atoms or molecules of sensitizers. The silver ions ultimately attach themselves to nuclei consisting of one or two metallic atoms and these positively charged aggregates then combine with the electrons. In this way larger aggregates are formed which may become positively charged in equilibrium with the silver ions of the crystal and act as development centres. With some molecular sensitizers, it is possible that a surface latent image is produced by the internal rearrangement of the molecule without the actual liberation of electrons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01340684
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Book review (1990)
    Springer
    Foundations of physics 20 (1990), S. 1523-1524 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9516
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01883522
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of boron in glass by the nuclear track technique (1985)
    Springer
    Microchimica acta 87 (1985), S. 65-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Determination of Boron in Glass by the Nuclear Track Technique The nuclear track technique using the10B(nα)7Li reaction, has been applied to determine boron in concentration ranges (1.59 to 7.75%) ordinarily considered high for nuclear determinations. Factors limiting the overall precision of the method and restricting the linear dependence of track density on boron concentration are examined. Boron alpha track densities are used to construct planar profiles of boron distribution within the surface region of bulk glass and CVD films. Calibration curves for quantitative lateral profiling of surfaces are constructed and show the selective corrosion of borosilicate glass surface resulting in boron depletion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01201986
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