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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Contributions of H2S to the atmospheric sulfur cycle (1978)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 116 (1978), S. 465-475 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Hydrogen sulfide ; Lifetime ; Measurements ; Sulfur budgets
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract H2S is a most important biogenic sulfur compound with regard to the atmospheric sulfur cycle. Our present knowledge of the spatial and temporal distribution of this trace gas is rather incomplete owing to unreliable analytical methods. Therefore, a new method for the analysis of H2S in the μg-range was applied. This paper deals with the results of ground- and aircraft measurements of H2S in unpolluted air over swamps and tidal flats. Based on the measured vertical distributions a removal coefficient of 2.3×10−5 sec−1 and an average lifetime of 12 hours were calculated. Some conclusions of the contribution of H2S to the atmospheric sulfur budget are added.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01636900
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magnetische Wechsel- und Drehhysterese (1943)
    Springer
    Electrical engineering 37 (1943), S. 413-443 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02092261
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Der Resonanzmotor, ein drehzahlgeregelter Drehfeld-Induktionsmotor mit Nebenschlußverhalten (1941)
    Springer
    Electrical engineering 35 (1941), S. 695-704 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der Resonanzmotor ist ein Induktionsmotor mit einem auf eine Schlupffrequenz abgestimmten Schwingungskreis im Sekundärkreis. Er zeigt in der Nähe des Resonanzschlupfes Nebenschlußverhalten. Sein Kippmoment liegt bedeutend über dem Kippmoment desselben Motors in normaler Schaltung und kann durch die Abstimmung an eine beliebige Stelle des Drehzahlbereiches gelegt werden, also z. B. auch in den Anfahrpunkt. Sein Wirkungsgrad unterscheidet sich nicht wesentlich von dem des widerstandsgeregelten Induktionsmotors. Die Größe der erforderlichen Drossel und des Kondensators wird bestimmt. Die Ortskurve des Stromes wird ermittelt und ein Verfahren zur Berücksichtigung der infolge Eisensättigung veränderlichen Selbstinduktion der Drosselspule angegeben. Meßergebnisse an einem Versuchsmotor werden mitgeteilt.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01656887
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Automatische GC-Standardanalyse mit Retetionsindexermittlung (1972)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 5 (1972), S. 333-340 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zur Bearbeitung verschiedenartiger Proben wird eine gas-chromatographische Standardanalyse beschrieben, bei der 36 Proben in halbstündigem Zyklus in einem Gas-Chromatographen mit automatischem Einlaßteil, Temperaturprogramm und Integrator mit Lochstreifenausgang analysiert werden. Für jede Probe wird ein Analysenergebnis mit Retentionszeiten, Retentionsindices und Flächenprozenten ausgedruckt, dem das Gas-Chromatogramm beigegeben wird. Zur Ermittlung des Retentionsindex werden vier Paraffinmischungen in jeder Analysenserie von 36 Proben mitanalysiert. Ein Suchprogramm für die n-Paraffine und eine Retentionsindex-Interpolation für gekrümmte n-Alkan-Eichkurven ermöglichen die Berechnung der Retentionsindices für jede Komponente. Die Reproduzierbarkeit und Zuverlässigkeit dieser personalsparenden Analysenmethode wurde geprüft.
    Abstract: Résumé On décrit une méthode générale d'analyse par chromatographie en phase gazeuse applicable au traitement d'échantillons divers, dans laquelle 36 échantillons sont analysés en un cycle d'une demi-heure dans un chromatographe muni de systèmes d'introduction automatique d'échantillons et de programmation de température et d'un intégrateur avec dispositif d'enregistrement des résultats sur bande perforée. Pour chaque échantillon un compte rendu d'analyse imprimé comprenant les temps de rétention, les indices de rétention et les pourcentages des constituants déduits des surfaces des pics est annexé au chromatogramme. Pour la détermination des indices de rétention 4 mélanges d'hydrocarbures saturés à chaîne droite sont analysés en même temps que chaque série de 36 échantillons. Un programme permettant l'identification des n-alcanes et une méthode d'interpolation de l'indice de rétention sur les courbes étalon «paraboliques» des n-alcanes permettent de calculer l'indice de rétention de chaque constituant. On étudie la reproductibilité et la fiabilité de cette méthode qui peut être mise en oeuvre par un personnel réduit.
    Notes: Summary For processing samples of different types, a standard gas chromatographic analysis is described where 36 samples are analyzed in a half-hour cycle in a gas chromatograph with an automatic sampling system, temperature programme, and integrator with punched tape output. For each individual sample, an analytical result is printed, including the retention times, retention indices, and peak areas as percentages, to which the respective gas chromatogram is added. In order to determine the retention index, four paraffin mixtures are analyzed within each series of 36 samples. Using a search programme for n-paraffins and retention index interpolation for curved n-alkane calibration curves, it is possible to calculate retention indices for each component. The reproducibility and reliability of this personnel-saving analytical method were checked.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02315252
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Linearbeschleuniger und Tandem-van-de-Graaffs: Werkzeuge der Schwerionenforschung (1980)
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 67 (1980), S. 265-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Abstract The basic principles of dc-tandem and high-frequency linear accelerator are discussed by referring to the pioneering work of H. Kallmann and R. Wideröe. The 30 MV Supertandem in Daresbury, the Heidelberg combination of tandem and linac, and the universal linear accelerator Unilac of the GSI at Darmstadt serve as examples of modern heavy-ion accelerators.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01153495
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    GERG round-robin test of Z-meters, a Burnett apparatus, and an interferometric device for pVT measurements (1990)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 11 (1990), S. 157-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: Burnett apparatus ; compressibility factor ; density ; ethane ; methane ; mixtures ; nitrogen ; refractive index ; Z-meter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The European Gas Research Group (GERG; Groupe Européen de Recherches Gazières) initiated a round-robin test of six Z-meters manufactured by Desgranges et Huot, a Burnett apparatus, and an interferometric device to back up the pVT data of the Z-meters. Two gas mixtures were measured. One mixture contained 49.7 mol% of methane and 50.3 mol% of nitrogen; the second mixture 81.3 mol% of methane, 16.4 mol% of ethane, and 2.3 mol% of propane. The test temperatures were mainly 280 and 300 K for the first mixture and 290 and 320 K for the second mixture. The maximum pressures were 8 MPa for Z-meters and 12 MPa for the Burnett apparatus and the grating interferometer. The experimental compressibility factors Z of the six Z-meters are generally in agreement within ±0.05%. The agreement with the reference data from the Burnett apparatus and the refractive index measurements is also within ± 0.05%. Only two isotherms of the binary mixtures differ by about 0.1% from the other data. Recent natural gas measurements show substantially the same results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00503867
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of the interaction second virial coefficients for the carbon dioxide-ethane system from refractive index measurements (1987)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 8 (1987), S. 81-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: carbon dioxide ; ethane ; Lorentz-Lorenz law ; mixtures ; refraction virial coefficient ; interaction second virial coefficient ; compressibility factor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The compressibility behavior of the CO2-C2H6 system was investigated experimentally. In this work, the refractive indexes of the pure gases and the mixtures were measured using an optical apparatus. On the basis of these data, density and compressibility factors were computed using the Lorentz-Lorenz law. For the pure components, carbon dioxide and ethane, the data from the optical system were slightly adjusted by a fit to Burnett apparatus data measured separately. The experiments produced very accurate virial coefficients and refraction virial coefficients. This paper reports on the effect of temperature on the second and third virial coefficients. For the first refraction virial coefficient, no influence of temperature was found with the equipment used. The interaction second virial coefficient B 12 (as a function of temperature) was computed from experimental data for the CO2-C2H6 binary system. The data, for which an accuracy of ±1.5 cm3 · mol−1 was estimated, are in agreement with the data published by Holste et al.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00503226
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Direct determination of the second refractivity virial coefficient of methane, nitrogen, and five of their mixtures (1986)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 7 (1986), S. 357-366 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: expansion technique ; Lorentz-Lorenz function ; mixed interaction ; refractive index ; refractivity virial coefficient
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The experimental technique for the direct determination of the second refractivity virial coefficient is described. The absolute measurement of the refractive index n combined with an expansion technique for obtaining the higher-order coefficients of the Lorentz-Lorenz expansion $${\text{LL = [(}}n^2 - 1)/(n^2 + 2)]{\text{ }}\rho ^{ - 1} {\text{ = }}A_n {\text{ }} + {\text{ }}B_n \rho {\text{ }} + {\text{ }}C_n \rho ^2 {\text{ + }} \cdot \cdot \cdot $$ leads to precise values of density ρ. A nis the ideal molar refractivity, which is readily determined from the absolute measurements of n in terms of pressure, whereas B n, C n,... are the higher-order molar refractivity virial coefficients, which are obtained from expansion experiments. The expansion method consists in measuring the sum of optical path lengths of two similar cells: one of them is filled with the gas at density ρ, and the other is evacuated. After the expansion the density is nearly halved and one measures again the optical path lengths. In order to cancel the small differences in volume and path lengths between the two cells, the process is reversed. Because the linear term in density remains the same before and after the expansion and only the quadratic and higher-order terms change, we can determine the refractivity virial coefficients B n, C n,... from the change in the optical path lengths. The measurements for the determination of B nand C nfor methane, nitrogen, and five mixtures were carried out at 323.15 K and pressures up to 450 bar. The mixed-interaction constant for methane and nitrogen derived from the experimental second refractivity virial coefficient is compared with those obtained from the geometric and linear mixing rule as well as Lorentz combination.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00500161
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Calculation of the compressibility factor of natural gases based on the calorific value and the specific gravity (1990)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 11 (1990), S. 145-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: calorific value ; compressibility factor ; equation of state ; natural gas ; mixtures ; specific gravity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The measurement of large volume flows of natural gas in transmission lines requires an accurate equation of state for pressures up to about 12 MPa and in the temperature range from 265 to 335 K. If a detailed analysis of the gas mixture is available, one of the possibilities is to use the virial equation of state. However, such a gas analysis is time-consuming and expensive and, therefore, not always practical. We have developed a new equation which is based on the virial equation but requires limited input data. In general, for any given natural gas, the gross calorific value, the specific gravity, and the mole fractions of nitrogen and carbon dioxide are known. It will be shown that a knowledge of three of these four quantities is sufficient for an accurate prediction of the compressibility factor of the natural gas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00503866
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comparison of the enzyme fluorometric and the peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence methods for measuring H2O2 (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of atmospheric chemistry 5 (1987), S. 311-322 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0662
    Keywords: Enzyme fluorometry ; peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence ; hydrogen peroxide analysis ; comparative study
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract During September 25 to October 28, 1985, the enzyme fluorometric (Lazrus et al., 1985) and the peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence (Klockow and Jacob, 1986; Jaeschke, 1986) techniques for analyzing H2O2 were compared in laboratory studies at the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colorado, U.S.A. and under field conditions at the Whiteface Mt. field station of the Atmospheric Sciences Research Center, Albany, New York, U.S.A. Both methods showed excellent agreement, with a maximum deviation of ±5%. Only at unusually high concentrations of some potential atmospheric species could slight interferences be observed. During the experiments the detection limits were 1.3×10-8 mol/l (0.44 ppbm) of H2O2 for the fluorometric instrument and 4×10-8 mol/l (1.36 ppbm) of H2O2 for the chemiluminescence instrument. For the chemiluminescence technique, the response to methylhydroperoxide was approximately 80-fold less than that to an equivalent concentration of H2O2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00114109
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