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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Alkaloid biosynthesis ; Enzyme purification ; Nicotiana ; N-Methylputrescine oxidase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The enzyme N-methylputrescine oxidase which catalyses the conversion of N-methylputrescine to N-methylpyrrolinium salt has been purified to homogeneity from transformed roots of Nicotiana tabacum L. cv SC58. The enzyme has an apparent sub-unit molecular weight of 53 kDa by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with gel-filtration studies, indicating that the native form is a dimer. The K m of the enzyme for N-methylputrescine has been estimated to be 0.1 mM. Polyclonal antibodies raised to the purified protein recognise one product in an immunoblot of a crude extract of transformed root tissue and will immunoprecipitate N-methylputrescine oxidase activity from such an extract. The antibodies also show a high degree of specificity in immunoblots of crude extracts of transformed root cultures from a range of other solanaceous and non-solanaceous species but do not cross-react with a partially purified preparation of pea-seedling diamine oxidase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archiv der Mathematik 60 (1993), S. 420-424 
    ISSN: 1420-8938
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Communications in mathematical physics 165 (1994), S. 445-484 
    ISSN: 1432-0916
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We apply the notion of orbifold models ofSU(N) solvable lattice models to the Hecke algebra subfactors of Wenzl and get a new series of subfactors. In order to distinguish our subfactors from those of Wenzl, we compute the principal graphs for both series of subfactors. An obstruction for flatness of connections arises in this orbifold procedure in the caseN=2 and this eliminates the possibility of the Dynkin diagramsD 2n+1 , but we show that no such obstructions arise in the caseN=3. Our tools are the paragroups of Ocneanu and solutions of Jimbo-Miwa-Okado to the Yang-Baxter equation.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Environmental management 18 (1994), S. 321-329 
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Recycling ; Societal objectives ; Conflict ; Evaluation ; Intervention
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The decision as to whether to recycle discarded objects or not has traditionally been made on a simple financial basis. However, over the last few years a popular movement has sprung up which regards recycling as a good in itself, and this movement finds itself at odds with the present financial basis for recycling. In this paper a rationale for recycling is worked out in an attempt to resolve this conflict. It is concluded that the normal market signals do not provide a proper basis for recycling decisions and that this market failure must be corrected by government intervention. However, this intervention should not take the form of uncritical support for recycling. Rather the societal objectives of individual recycling proposals should be identified and the proposal should then be evaluated in terms of whether it would achieve these objectives more effectively than some alternative action.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Environmental management 18 (1994), S. 797-814 
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Agricultural development ; Agroecology ; Agroforestry ; Forest garden ; Human Ecology ; Land degradation ; Sustainability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Forest gardens are traditional agroecosystems in the humid tropics that have evolved a forestlike structure and as such are commonly thought to be a good example of sustainable agriculture. While this may be true in the sense of soil protection and maintenance of biodiversity, they are not necessarily maintainable in the context of competing land use in the landscape. Such appears to be the case of forest gardens in the uplands of Uva Province of Sri Lanka. This paper reports an agroecological analysis of forest gardens and other forms of land use in Uva, and discusses how this understanding can be used to make use of the good properties of forest gardens. It shows that although they have very real environmental and social benefits, they are unable to satisfy the material needs of a rural population undergoing demographic and cultural changes. However, the alternative land-use systems, both private smallholder and state owned, have serious deficiencies with respect to long-term sustainability, and it is essential to develop appropriate alternatives. It should be possible to design a smallholder farming system that incorporates the high productivity of market gardens (i.e., the cultivation of seasonal crops such as vegetables) with, at least, the high stability and biophysical sustainability of the forest garden. Considerable work still needs to be done on the design of such a system as well as the agency for its development and promotion. The paper treats the forest gardens of Uva as a case study from which some general conclusions can be drawn with respect to the conscious development of forest garden systems elsewhere in the tropics.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1573-0514
    Keywords: C*-algebras ; AF algebras ; inductive limits ; K-theory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract For any finite groupG we construct examples of an AF algebraA and an action α byG onA such that the fixed point algebra αα is not AF. The construction ofA is done by successive foldings and cuttings of the interval in a way originally suggested by Blackadar and, in a different context, by Connes in his talk in Oslo in 1978.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: gamma scintigraphy ; radiotelemetry, gastric emptying ; pharmaceutical dosage forms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The aim of the present study was to correlate the gastric emptying (GE) of nondisintegrating tablets with changes in gastrointestinal (GI) motility. Eight, healthy, male subjects each received 5 × 7-mm radiolabeled tablets, a radiolabeled meal, and a radiotelemetry capsule (RTC). Transit of the radiolabeled formulations was followed by gamma scintigraphy and the RTC detected contractile activity in the GI tract. The study demonstrated that 7-mm tablets can empty from the fed stomach, prior to the onset of interdigestive activity. Those tablets that were not emptied during fed activity were retained through the period of quiescence associated with the onset of the migrating myoelectric complex (MMC) and left the stomach during contractions associated with phase 2 and 3 activity. The RTC was retained in the stomach and was emptied only by large phase 3 contractions commonly termed the “housekeeper” wave. However, in one subject, the RTC was retained in the stomach for over 12 hr, during which time three distinct phase 3 complexes were monitored.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Algebra and logic 29 (1990), S. 244-252 
    ISSN: 1573-8302
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract 1. In an Abelian group, a module, or more generally a one-based group H, the only definable groups are the obvious ones: if G is interpretable in H, then it has a definable subgroup of finite index which is definably isomorphic to a quotient A/B, where A and B are definable subgroups of a Cartesian power of H. 2. In such a group the introduction of those quotient groups weakly eliminates imaginary elements. More generally, for a stable theory the existence of canonical real bases for complete types implies the elimination of imaginary elements. 3. A group which is interpretable in a one-based structure is one-based. The property of being one-based is preserved by interpretation for theories of finite rank but not in general.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: rat ; serum ; human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitor ; activity assay ; scintillation proximity assay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We showed previously that a commercially available synthetic tetradecapeptide, Asp-Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-Phe-His-Leu-Leu-Val-Tyr-Ser, produces authentic angiotensin I (Ang I) upon incubation with the HIV-1 protease (S. K. Sharma et al., Anal. Biochem. 198:363, 1991). Therefore, we developed an Ang-I based activity assay for HIV protease inhibitors based on the technology developed earlier (M. J. Ruwart et al., Pharm. Res. 7:407, 1990; S. K. Sharma et al., Anal. Biochem. 186:24, 1990) for tracking renin inhibitors in rat sera. Ditekiren was either extracted from sera with ethyl acetate or assayed after the interfering substances in sera were precipitated with acetonitrile. Purified recombinant HIV-1 protease was added to extracted rat serum and the enzymatic reaction was initiated in the presence of the tetradecapeptide substrate. The inhibition of Ang I production was measured by a commercially available RIA kit. The cleanup methodology also enabled a commercially available Proteinase Scintillation Proximity Assay (SPA, Amersham) to quantify ditekiren in rat serum through the addition of recombinant HIV-1 protease and cleavage of substrate from SPA beads. Results were confirmed by HPLC or by the renin assay for ditekiren, which inhibits both aspartyl proteases. These technologies should prove useful for assessing serum levels of HIV protease inhibitors in rat.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: human renin inhibitory peptide ; rat ; activity assay ; angiotensin I ; serum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A sensitive activity assay for high volume evaluation of human renin inhibitory peptides (RIPs) in rat sera (range 2–80 ng/ml) was developed based on the low affinity of RIPs to rat renin and their high affinity to human renin. The utility of this activity assay was tested by measuring concentrations of a human RIP, U-71,038 (BOC-Pro-Phe-N-MeHis-Leu Ψ [CHOHCH2]Val-Ile-Amp), in rat sera, determined by the activity assay, by a sensitive radioimmunoassay (RIA), and by tracking tritiated drug. Rats were given radiolabeled drug as an intravenous bolus, and blood samples were collected at various times after dosing. The serum level of U-71,038 equivalents was determined by the three techniques. Whole blood was also counted for total radioactivity to evaluate the potential for U-71,038 incorporation into red blood cells. Results from the three serum assays indicate good agreement between the calculated U-71,038 equivalents for the 30 min and 1 hr collection times. The 2 and 4 hr collection times show excellent agreement for the activity assay and RIA; [3H]-U-71,038 determinations gave substantially higher values. Serum levels for U-71,038 determined 30 min after dosing averaged less than 300 ng equivalents/ml suggesting that less than 1% of the administered dose was in the systemic circulation at that time. Thus, U-71,038 was rapidly cleared. At the 4 hr collection time, the level of U-71,038 equivalents, as determined by activity assay and RIA, was ten times the in vitro IC50 for the renin inhibitory activity of U-71,038. Analysis of whole blood levels of 3[H]-U-71,038 indicated little or no incorporation of drug related material into red blood cells. In addition to predicting pharmacological response, the activity assay can be used to quantify human RIPs in rat serum when biotransformation is absent.
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