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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sensitivity of a GCM simulation to subgrid infiltration and surface runoff (1996)
    Springer
    Climate dynamics 12 (1996), S. 279-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0894
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract. A subgrid parameterization of infiltration and surface runoff was evaluated using a land surface model coupled to an atmospheric general circulation model. Averaged over 5 year simulations, the subgrid parameterization resulted in significantly less infiltration of water into the soil compared to a simulation without subgrid hydrologic processes. As a result, the soils were drier, latent heat flux decreased, and surface air temperature increased. These results are consistent with other studies of subgrid hydrologic parameterizations, which also resulted in drier soils, decreased latent heat flux, and warmer surface temperatures. Several river basins were studied in detail. In the Amazon and Lena basins, the subgrid parameterization resulted in better annual runoff compared to observed annual river flow; surface air temperature was unchanged in the Amazon and better, compared to observations, in the Lena. In the Ob, Yenisey, and Amur basins, the subgrid parameterization resulted in too much annual runoff; July surface air temperature was unchanged or worse (Amur). Annual runoff for the Mississippi basin was better with the subgrid parameterization, but July surface air temperature was worse. These results suggest the utility of subgrid hydrologic parameterizations vary among river basins depending on the relative importance of Horton and Dunne runoff and the geologic factors affecting runoff generation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003820050108
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sensitivity of a GCM simulation to subgrid infiltration and surface runoff (1996)
    Springer
    Climate dynamics 12 (1996), S. 279-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0894
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A subgrid parameterization of infiltration and surface runoff was evaluated using a land surface model coupled to an atmospheric general circulation model. Averaged over 5 year simulations, the subgrid parameterization resulted in significantly less infiltration of water into the soil compared to a simulation without subgrid hydrologic processes. As a result, the soils were drier, latent heat flux decreased, and surface air temperature increased. These results are consistent with other studies of subgrid hydrologic parameterizations, which also resulted in drier soils, decreased latent heat flux, and warmer surface temperatures. Several river basins were studied in detail. In the Amazon and Lena basins, the subgrid parameterization resulted in better annual runoff compared to observed annual river flow; surface air temperature was unchanged in the Amazon and better, compared to observations, in the Lena. In the Ob, Yenisey, and Amur basins, the subgrid parameterization resulted in too much annual runoff; July surface air temperature was unchanged or worse (Amur). Annual runoff for the Mississippi basin was better with the subgrid parameterization, but July surface air temperature was worse. These results suggest the utility of subgrid hydrologic parameterizations vary among river basins depending on the relative importance of Horton and Dunne runoff and the geologic factors affecting runoff generation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219501
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lottery Acquisition versus Information Acquisition: Prices and Preference Reversals (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of risk and uncertainty 18 (1999), S. 125-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0476
    Keywords: information value ; preference reversals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Suppose you must choose between two pieces of information A and B. In the absence of cost, you would prefer to obtain A rather than B, and in fact would be willing to take more risk to obtain A than B. Nevertheless, you would pay more money for B than for A. Are your preferences consistent with expected utility? The answer is yes; they may very well be. We give an example to illustrate how this may happen, and relate this reversal phenomenon to the well-known discrepancy between buying and selling prices for lotteries. Along the way, we demonstrate that even though selling an information source is strictly analogous to selling a lottery, buying an information source is not strictly analogous to buying a lottery. However, for any collection of lotteries there is a decision problem with corresponding information sources, each source having both buying price and selling price equal to the buying and selling prices of the corresponding lottery. The existence of preference reversals for mode of information acquisition dispels any notion that the relative value of competing information acquisitions should not depend on the nature of the acquisition. Among expected utility maximizers, only those with constant risk attitude avoid these reversals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007834413032
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Boreal forest and tundra ecosystems as components of the climate system (1995)
    Springer
    Climatic change 29 (1995), S. 145-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1480
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The effects of terrestrial ecosystems on the climate system have received most attention in the tropics, where extensive deforestation and burning has altered atmospheric chemistry and land surface climatology. In this paper we examine the biophysical and biogeochemical effects of boreal forest and tundra ecosystems on atmospheric processes. Boreal forests and tundra have an important role in the global budgets of atmospheric CO2 and CH4. However, these biogeochemical interactions are climatically important only at long temporal scales, when terrestrial vegetation undergoes large geographic redistribution in response to climate change. In contrast, by masking the high albedo of snow and through the partitioning of net radiation into sensible and latent heat, boreal forests have a significant impact on the seasonal and annual climatology of much of the Northern Hemisphere. Experiments with the LSX land surface model and the GENESIS climate model show that the boreal forest decreases land surface albedo in the winter, warms surface air temperatures at all times of the year, and increases latent heat flux and atmospheric moisture at all times of the year compared to simulations in which the boreal forest is replaced with bare ground or tundra. These effects are greatest in arctic and sub-arctic regions, but extend to the tropics. This paper shows that land-atmosphere interactions are especially important in arctic and sub-arctic regions, resulting in a coupled system in which the geographic distribution of vegetation affects climate and vice versa. This coupling is most important over long time periods, when changes in the abundance and distribution of boreal forest and tundra ecosystems in response to climatic change influence climate through their carbon storage, albedo, and hydrologic feedbacks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01094014
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of Land Use on the Climate of the United States (1997)
    Springer
    Climatic change 37 (1997), S. 449-486 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1480
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Land use practices have replaced much of the natural needleleaf evergreen, broadleaf deciduous, and mixed forests of the Eastern United States with crops. To a lesser extent, the natural grasslands in the Central United States have also been replaced with crops. Simulations with a land surface process model coupled to an atmospheric general circulation model show that the climate of the United States with modern vegetation is significantly different from that with natural vegetation. Three important climate signals caused by modern vegetation are: (1) 1 °C cooling over the Eastern United States and 1 °C warming over the Western United States in spring; (2) summer cooling of up to 2 °C over a wide region of the Central United States; and (3) moistening of the near-surface atmosphere by 0.5 to 1.5 g kg-1over much of the United States in spring and summer. Although individual months show large, statistically significant differences in precipitation due to land-use practices, these differences average out over the course of the 3-month seasons. These changes in surface temperature and moisture extend well into the atmosphere, up to 500 mb, and affect the boundary layer and atmospheric circulation. The altered climate is due to reduced surface roughness, reduced leaf and stem area index, reduced stomatal resistance, and increased surface albedo with modern vegetation compared to natural vegetation. The climate change caused by land use practices is comparable to other well known anthropogenic climate forcings. For example, it would take 100 to 175 years at the current, observed rate of summer warming over the United States to offset the cooling from deforestation. The summer sulfate aerosol forcing completely offsets the greenhouse forcing over the Eastern United States. Similarly, the climatic effect of North American deforestation, with extensive summer cooling, further offsets the greenhouse forcing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005305708775
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Research Perspective for Information Systems and Example of Emerging Area of Research (1999)
    Springer
    Information systems frontiers 1 (1999), S. 195-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9419
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010094126762
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enzyme histochemistry of rat mast cell tryptase (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular histology 30 (1998), S. 97-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6865
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Fixation and staining conditions for rat mast cell tryptase and its histochemical distribution in different rat tissues were investigated. Prostate, skin, lung, gut, stomach and salivary glands were fixed in either aldehyde or Carnoy fixatives and then frozen or embedded in paraffin wax. Preservation of tryptase enzymic activity against peptide substrates required aldehyde fixation and frozen sectioning. Of the peptide substrates examined, z-Ala-Ala-Lys-4-methoxy-2-naphthylamide and z-Gly-Pro-Arg-4-methoxy-2-naphthylamide proved the most effective for the demonstration of tryptase. Double staining by enzyme cytochemistry followed by immunological detection of tryptase showed that, in all tryptase-containing mast cells, the enzyme is at least in part active. Conventional dye-binding histochemistry was used to confirm the identity of mast cells. Aldehyde-fixed mucosal mast cells required a much shorter staining time with Toluidine Blue if tissue sections were washed directly in t-butyl alcohol. Double staining by enzyme cytochemistry and dye binding showed that tryptase is absent from mucosal and subepidermal mast cells, which are also smaller in size and appear to contain fewer granules than connective tissue mast cells. This study demonstrates that rat mast cell tryptase, unlike tryptases in other species, is a soluble enzyme. It is stored in an active form and is absent from some mast cell subpopulations in mucosa, skin and lung. © 1998 Chapman & Hall
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003231000051
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  • 8
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    Boreal forest and tundra ecosystems as components of the climate system (1995)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1995-02-01
    Print ISSN: 0165-0009
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-1480
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Springer
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  • 9
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    Sensitivity of a GCM simulation to subgrid infiltration and surface runoff (1996)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1996-03-04
    Print ISSN: 0930-7575
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-0894
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Springer
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  • 10
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    Sensitivity of a GCM simulation to subgrid infiltration and surface runoff (1996)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1996-03-01
    Print ISSN: 0930-7575
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-0894
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Springer
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