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  • Springer  (129)
  • Copernicus
  • 2000-2004  (133)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Metallic Surface Corrosion Study in Aqueous NaCl Solutions Using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) (2000)
    Springer
    The chemical educator 5 (2000), S. 8-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 1430-4171
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We report an upper-division undergraduate solid-state materials chemistry experiment involving the pit and crevice corrosion of a copper surface caused by an aqueous NaCl solution simulating a seawater environment. Surface corrosion of the copper can be shown quite dramatically using atomic force microscopy (AFM) within only hours of exposure to the saline solution. The copper surfaces can also be treated with an alkanethiol solution to form a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) on the surface. When exposed to the salt-water solution, the SAM layer is shown by AFM to protect the surface from corrosion. We have also shown that several different AFM analysis methods are needed to adequately quantify the surface features including roughness and power spectral density. This experiment enables students to not only see how AFM can be used to observe changes in surface morphology, but also learn to develop an understanding of the analysis techniques used to quantify AFM data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00897990350a
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Class I and class II MHC bind self peptide sets that are strikingly different in their evolutionary characteristics (2000)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 51 (2000), S. 8-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words Antigen presentation ; Autoimmune disease ; Evolution ; MHC ; Self peptides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Comparison of peptides eluted from human class I and class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules and the proteins from which they are derived (source proteins) revealed that class I MHC bind peptides derived from proteins that are highly conserved, hydrophilic, and universally expressed, while the peptides themselves are hydrophobic and even more conserved than their source proteins. In contrast, source proteins for class II-bound peptides were not significantly more conserved than a random sample of proteins. Class II-bound peptides were generally more conserved than their source proteins but were significantly less conserved than class I-bound peptides. The characteristics of class I-bound peptides can probably be explained by the selectivity of processing and transport of peptides for binding by class I, while the relative lack of selectivity of peptide binding for class II may explain the high incidence of autoimmune diseases associated with alleles of these molecules.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002510050002
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gene duplication and MHC origins (2000)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 51 (2000), S. 982-983 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Genome duplication Human chromosomes Major histocompatibility complex Paraloguous genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002510000224
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evolution of introns and exons of class II major histocompatibility complex genes of vertebrates (2000)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 51 (2000), S. 473-486 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words Balancing selection ; Class II MHC ; Intron evolution ; Major histocompatibility complex ; Recombination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The phylogenetic relationships and patterns of nucleotide substitution were compared for introns and exons of class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes in three datasets: human DRB1, human DQA1, and cyprinid fish DAB1. In both human DRB1 and cyprinid DAB1, there was strong evidence that recombination events between alleles have occurred in such a way that intron and exon sequences of a given allele do not necessarily share the same evolutionary history. In the case of human DRB1, recombination was found to have homogenized intron 1 and intron 2 sequences relative to exon 2 sequences within lineages of alleles but not between lineages. As a result, mean divergence times of intron sequences are much more recent than those of exonic sequences. Thus, the divergence time of DRB1 introns cannot be used to date that of exons in the same alleles, and the hypothesis that most human DRB1 polymorphism is of very recent origin is not supported.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002510050646
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    RTM Hemp Fibre-Reinforced Polyester Composites (2000)
    Springer
    Applied composite materials 7 (2000), S. 341-349 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4897
    Keywords: plant fibres ; hemp ; reinforced composites ; polyester ; RTM ; flexural stress ; impact strength ; interfacial bonding ; esterification ; microcompressive defects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Hemp fibre-reinforced polyester composites were prepared using a Resin Transfer Moulding (RTM) technique and the flexural and impact behaviour investigated. Flexural stress at break and flexural modulus showed an increasing trend with fibre content. Impact strength was found to decrease at low fibre content, then gradually increase with further addition of fibres. A strong interfacial adhesion between hemp and polyester was obtained using chemically modified hemp. This modification consisted in introducing reactive vinylic groups at the surface of the fibres, via esterification of hemp hydroxyl groups, using methacrylic anhydride. Increased bonding between fibres and matrix did not affect the flexural stress at break of the composite but was detrimental to toughness. This behaviour was ascribed to a change in the mode of failure, from fibre pull-out to fibre fracture, resulting in a marked reduction in the energy involved in the failure of the composite, leading to a more brittle material.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026538107200
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Backpropagation of an Image Similarity Metric for Autoassociative Neural Networks (2000)
    Springer
    Pattern analysis and applications 3 (2000), S. 31-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-755X
    Keywords: Keywords: Autoassociative neural networks; Error function; Image compression;; Visual difference predictor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract. Autoassociative Neural Networks (AANNs) are most commonly used for image data compression. The goal of an AANN for image data is to have the network output be ‘similar’ to the input. Most of the research in this area use backpropagation training with Mean-Squared Error (MSE) as the optimisation criteria. This paper presents an alternative error function called the Visual Difference Predictor (VDP) based on concepts from the human-visual system. Using the VDP as the error function provides a criteria to train an AANN more efficiently, and results in faster convergence of the weights, while producing an output image perceived to be very similar by a human observer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100440050004
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Large Eddy Simulation and the variational multiscale method (2000)
    Springer
    Computing and visualization in science 3 (2000), S. 47-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0369
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract. A Large Eddy Simulation (LES) formulation is developed from the variational multiscale method. Modeling is confined to the effect of a small-scale Reynolds stress, in contrast with classical LES in which the entire subgrid-scale stress is modeled. All other effects are accounted for exactly. It is argued that many shortcomings of the classical LES/constant-coefficient Smagorinsky model are eliminated by the scale separation inherent ab initio in the present approach.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007910050051
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Associations of the Collagen Type Iα1 Sp1 Polymorphism with Five-Year Rates of Bone Loss in Older Adults (2000)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 66 (2000), S. 268-271 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract. The collagen type Iα1 Sp1 (ColIA1) polymorphism has been associated with reduced bone mineral density (BMD) and increased prevalence of osteoporosis. This study examines associations of the ColIA1 genotype with BMD and 5-year rates of change in BMD in elderly men and women. The 243 subjects, aged 65 years and older, were participants in two consecutive studies lasting a total of 5-years. BMD of the total body, femoral neck, and lumbar spine were made by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The distribution of the genotypes (155 in the SS genotype, 79 in Ss, and 9 in ss) was proportionately similar to those reported by others. Baseline BMD did not differ significantly at any skeletal site. Unadjusted 5-year percent changes in BMD differed significantly by genotype only at the total body (P= 0.009), where the change was −0.29 ± 0.21 (SEM) in the SS genotype, −0.60 ± 0.25 in the Ss genotype, and −3.01 ± 0.72 in the ss genotype. This 9.4% increase in bone loss of the ss genotype relative to the SS genotype was reduced to an 8.9% increase after adjustment for sex, age, weight, and supplementation group. Results at the femoral neck were directionally similar, but not statistically significant. No effect of genotype on change in spine BMD was observed. In conclusion, bone loss from the total body was significantly greater in elderly men and women who were homozygous for the s allele compared with heterozygotes and SS homozygotes. This finding suggests a possible explanation for the association of the ColIA1 polymorphism with increased rates of osteoporotic fracture, but should be interpreted with caution because of the small number of subjects in the unfavorable ss genotype.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00005842
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of Risedronate Treatment on Bone Density and Vertebral Fracture in Patients on Corticosteroid Therapy (2000)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 67 (2000), S. 277-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Key words: Corticosteroid — Risedronate — Calcium — Vitamin D — BMD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract. Men and women (n = 518) receiving moderate-to-high doses of corticosteroids were enrolled in two studies with similar protocols and randomly assigned to receive either placebo or risedronate (2.5 or 5 mg) for 1 year. All patients received daily calcium supplementation (500–1000 mg), and most also received supplemental vitamin D (400 IU). The primary endpoint was the difference between the placebo and active groups in lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) at 1 year; changes in BMD at other sites, biochemical markers of bone turnover, and the incidence of vertebral fractures were also assessed. In the overall population, the mean (SE) lumbar spine BMD increased 1.9 ± 0.38% from baseline in the risedronate 5 mg group (P 〈 0.001) and decreased 1.0 ± 0.4% in the placebo group (P= 0.005). BMD at the femoral neck, trochanter, and distal radius increased or was maintained with risedronate 5 mg treatment, but decreased in the placebo group. Midshaft radius BMD did not change significantly in either treatment group. The difference in BMD between the risedronate 5 mg and placebo groups was significant at all skeletal sites (P 〈 0.05) except the midshaft radius at 1 year. The 2.5 mg dose also had a positive effect on BMD, although of a lesser magnitude than that seen with risedronate 5 mg. A significant reduction of 70% in vertebral fracture risk was observed in the risedronate 5 mg group compared with the placebo group (P= 0.01). Risedronate was efficacious in both men and women, irrespective of underlying disease and duration of corticosteroid therapy, and had a favorable safety profile, with a similar incidence of upper gastrointestinal adverse events in the placebo and active treatment groups. Daily treatment with risedronate 5 mg significantly increases BMD and decreases vertebral fracture risk in patients receiving moderate-to-high doses of corticosteroid therapy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002230001146
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Whole-field density measurements by ‘synthetic schlieren’ (2000)
    Springer
    Experiments in fluids 28 (2000), S. 322-335 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1114
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract  This paper outlines novel techniques for producing qualitative visualisations of density fluctuations and for obtaining quantitative whole-field density measurements in two-dimensional density-stratified flows. These techniques, which utilise image processing technology, are much simpler to set up than the classical schlieren and interferometry methods, and provide useful information in situations where shadowgraph is of little or no value. Moreover, they may be set-up to analyse much larger domains than is feasible with the classical approaches, and do not require high quality optical windows in the experimental apparatus. Ultimately the greatest strength of these techniques is the ability to extract accurate, quantitative measurements of the density field. Application of these techniques is illustrated by an internal wave field produced by an oscillating cylinder. Recent theoretical advances for this classical problem make it the ideal test bed. Results are presented for both a circular and a square cylinder oscillating vertically in a linear stratification. Further aspects of the techniques are illustrated by considering thermal convection from a hand and flow over an obstacle towed through a density stratified fluid.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003480050391
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