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  • 1
    ISSN: 1573-3904
    Keywords: dipeptide analogues ; epimerization ; imidazolide-derived dipeptides ; keto esters
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary β-Keto esters derived from dipeptides are prepared by application of common methodologies employed for the synthesis of amino acid-derived β-keto esters; however, epimerization of the C-terminal residue occurred to different extents depending on the method. In imidazolide activated dipeptides, this epimerization is due to the CDI activation step and to the configurational instability of the intermediate imidazolides in different reaction media. Regarding yield and diastereomeric purity, the method of choice proved to be the reaction of dipeptide-derived imidazolide with the potassium salt of malonic half esters in the presence of MgCl2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1573-3904
    Keywords: dipeptide analogues ; epimerization ; imidazolide-derived dipeptides ; keto esters
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract β-Keto esters derived from dipeptides areprepared by application of common methodologiesemployed for the synthesis of amino acid-derivedβ-keto esters; however, epimerization of theC-terminal residue occurred to different extentsdepending on the method. In imidazolide activateddipeptides, this epimerization is due to the CDIactivation step and to the configurational instabilityof the intermediate imidazolides in different reactionmedia. Regarding yield and diastereomeric purity, themethod of choice proved to be the reaction ofdipeptide-derived imidazolide with the potassium saltof malonic half esters in the presence of MgCl2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1890
    Keywords: Keywords Arbuscular-mycorrhiza ; Infectivity ; Fungal isolate ; Salt stress ; Symbiotic efficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of salinity on the symbiotic efficiencies and mycelial infectivity of two arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), one isolated from saline soils (Glomus sp.) and the other (Glomus deserticola) from nonsaline soils (belonging to the Estación Experimental del Zaidín collection). Lettuce plants inoculated with either of these two fungi or maintained as uninoculated controls were grown in soil with three salt concentrations (0.25, 0.50 or 0.75 g NaCl kg–1 dry soil). Both AMF protected host plants against salinity. However, when the results of shoot dry weight and nutrient contents were expressed relative to the total length of mycorrhiza formed, it was found that both AMF differed in their symbiotic efficiencies. These differences were more evident at the two highest salt levels. Glomus sp.-colonized plants grew less and accumulated less N and P, whereas they formed a higher amount of mycorrhiza. The mechanism by which Glomus sp. protected plants from the detrimental effects of salt was based on the stimulation of root development, while the effects of G. deserticola were based on improved plant nutrition. The increase in salinity of soil decreased the hyphal growth and/or viability of Glomus sp. to a higher extent than those of G. deserticola since the mycelial network generated by G. deserticola was more infective than that of Glomus sp.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of cryptology 13 (2000), S. 397-416 
    ISSN: 1432-1378
    Keywords: Key words. Undeniable signatures, RSA, Zero-knowledge.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract. We present the first undeniable signatures scheme based on RSA. Since their introduction in 1989 a significant amount of work has been devoted to the investigation of undeniable signatures. So far, this work has been based on discrete log systems. In contrast, our scheme uses regular RSA signatures to generate undeniable signatures. In this new setting, both the signature and verification exponents of RSA are kept secret by the signer, while the public key consists of a composite modulus and a sample RSA signature on a single public message. Our scheme possesses several attractive properties. First, provable security, as forging the undeniable signatures is as hard as forging regular RSA signatures. Second, both the confirmation and denial protocols are zero-knowledge. In addition, these protocols are efficient (particularly, the confirmation protocol involves only two rounds of communication and a small number of exponentiations). Furthermore, the RSA-based structure of our scheme provides with simple and elegant solutions to add several of the more advanced properties of undeniable signatures found in the literature, including convertibility of the undeniable signatures (into publicly verifiable ones), the possibility to delegate the ability to confirm and deny signatures to a third party without giving up the power to sign, and the existence of distributed (threshold) versions of the signing and confirmation operations. Due to the above properties and the fact that our undeniable nsignatures are identical in form to standard RSA signatures, the scheme we present becomes a very attractive candidate for practical implementations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Key words: Development (root cap) – Quiescent center – Root cap initials –Zea (root development)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. The quiescent center is viewed as an architectural template in the root apical meristem of all angiosperm and gymnosperm root tips. In roots of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh., the quiescent center inhibits differentiation of contacting initial cells and maintains the surrounding initial cells as stem cells. Here, the role of the quiescent center in the development of the maize (Zea mays L.) root cap has been further explored. Three maize root-specific genes were identified. Two of these were exclusively expressed in the root cap and one of them encoded a GDP-mannose-4,6-dehydratase. Most likely these two genes are structural, tissue-specific markers of the cap. The third gene, a putative glycine-rich cell wall protein, was expressed in the cap and in the root epidermis and, conceivably is a positional marker of the cap. Microsurgical and molecular data indicate that the quiescent center and cap initials may regulate the positional and structural expression of these genes in the cap and thereby control root cap development.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of low temperature physics 118 (2000), S. 355-364 
    ISSN: 1573-7357
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We study the problem of superconductivity in the canonicalensemble which applies to recent experiments on metallicnanoparticles. Spectral properties which can be expressed asuniversal functions allow a quantitative characterization ofthe crossover to “superconductivity” in finite metallicsystems. Parity effects in the ground state and excitationspectrum are discussed. We discuss the thermodynamicquantities as well. The susceptibility for odd grains shows areentrant behavior with temperature. This behavior may be anobservable signature of superconducting correlations inultrasmall grains.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of low temperature physics 118 (2000), S. 795-804 
    ISSN: 1573-7357
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Nano-electronics devices such as small-capacitance Josephsonjunction circuits appear to be promising systems to implementquantum logic. While the elementary unit of a quantum computeris a two-state system (the qubit) the computational space of aJosephson junction qubit is a subset of a larger Hilbertspace. Therefore quantum leakage may occur, i.e. during theoperation of the device the quantum state may escape partiallyfrom the computational subspace. We study the consequences ofleakage for the fidelity of Josephson qubits and discuss howthe gate design can be optimized.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Parasitology research 86 (2000), S. 226-231 
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We examined the molecular mechanisms of the cytotoxicity of Entamoeba histolytica, using the loss of transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) of monolayers of Madin-Darby canine-kidney (MDCK) cells on their incubation with axenic trophozoites of the HM1-IMSS strain. Such loss of TER occurs very early (in 2–5 min) and is caused by the opening of tight junctions and the detachment of cells. We used specific inhibitors for three of the four molecules currently accepted as being responsible for cytotoxicity: galactose-specific adhesin(s), phospholipase A, and cysteine proteinases. We also used inhibitors of calcium channels. Axenic trophozoites of E. histolytica strain HM1-IMSS were preincubated with the different inhibitors for 1 h prior to their coincubation with MDCK-cell monolayers. The only inhibitor that effectively blocked the loss of TER caused by the parasite was galactose. We suggest that in this experimental model, galactose-specific adhesin(s) are essential for amebic cytotoxicity.
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  • 9
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