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  • 1
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    Arsenic removal from aqueous solutions by diethylenetriamine-functionalized resin: isotherm, kinetics, selectivity and mechanism (2018)
    Royal Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-09-13
    Description: The surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization method was used to graft glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) on chloromethylated cross-linked styrene-divinylbenzene resin, and then the novel diethylenetriamine-functionalized resin was prepared through the amination reaction between amino group of diethylenetriamine and epoxy group in GMA. The adsorption properties were evaluated with As(V). The adsorption of As(V) was mainly regarded as the electrostatic interaction between the adsorbent and the adsorbate by analysing the relationship between adsorption capacity with the solution pH, adsorption isotherm and adsorption kinetics. The maximum sorption capacity of As(V) was 5.25 mmol g –1 . The adsorption isotherms of As(V) were best described by the Langmuir model, and its adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic equation. The adsorption of As(V) ions was hardly affected by common coexisting ions such as Na(I), K(I), Ca(II) and Mg(II), whereas it was slightly decreased when Fe(II) and Zn(II) coexisted in the solution, which illustrates the selective adsorption of As(V) from wastewater. Ten adsorption–desorption cycles demonstrated that the resin possessed high recycling efficiency and stability and was suitable for efficient removal of metal ions from aqueous solution.
    Keywords: environmental chemistry
    Electronic ISSN: 2054-5703
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by Royal Society
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  • 2
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    Fabrication of the heterojunction catalyst BiVO4/P25 and its visible-light photocatalytic activities (2018)
    Royal Society
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    Publication Date: 2018-08-16
    Description: A heterojunction catalyst, BiVO 4 /P25, was successfully fabricated using a one-step hydrothermal method. The prepared composite was characterized using XRD, XPS, Raman, FT-IR, UV–vis, SEM, HRTEM and PL. The HRTEM pictures revealed that the heterostructured composite was composed of BiVO 4 and P25, and from the pictures of SEM we could see the P25 nanoparticles assembling on the surface of flower-shaped BiVO 4 nanostructures. The XPS spectra showed that the prepared catalyst consisted of Bi, V, O, Ti and C. The photocatalytic activity of BiVO 4 /P25 was evaluated by degraded methyl blue (MB) and tetracycline under visible light illumination ( 〉 420 nm), and the results showed that BiVO 4 /P25 composite has a better photocatalytic performance compared with pure BiVO 4 and the most active c-BiVO 4 /P25 sample showed enough catalytic stability after three successive reuses for MB photodegradation. The enhanced photocatalytic performance could mainly be attributed to the better optical absorption ability and good absorption ability of organic contaminants.
    Keywords: chemical engineering
    Electronic ISSN: 2054-5703
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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  • 3
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    Atom economy and green elimination of nitric oxide using ZrN powders (2018)
    Royal Society
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    Publication Date: 2018-05-31
    Description: Nitric oxide (NO) may cause serious environmental problems, such as acid rain, haze weather, global warming and even death. Herein, a new low-cost, highly efficient and green method for the elimination of NO using zirconium nitride (ZrN) is reported for the first time, which does not produce any waste or any by-product. Relevant experimental parameters, such as reaction temperature and gas concentration, were investigated to explore the reaction mechanism. Interestingly, NO can be easily decomposed into nitrogen (N 2 ) by ZrN powders at 600°C with ZrN simultaneously transformed into zirconium dioxide (ZrO 2 ) gradually. The time for the complete conversion of NO into N 2 was approximately 14 h over 0.5 g of ZrN at a NO concentration of 500 ppm. This green elimination process of NO demonstrated good atom economy and practical significance in mitigating environmental problems.
    Keywords: inorganic chemistry, green chemistry
    Electronic ISSN: 2054-5703
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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  • 4
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    Separation of the main flavonoids and essential oil from seabuckthorn leaves by ultrasonic/microwave-assisted simultaneous distillation extraction (2018)
    Royal Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-07-19
    Description: Volatile essential oils (EOs), non-volatile rutin (RU), quercetin (QU), kaempferol (KA) and isorhamnetin (IS) were effectively extracted and isolated from seabuckthorn ( Hippophae rhamnoides L.) leaves by ionic liquid-based ultrasound/microwave-assisted simultaneous distillation extraction (ILUMASDE). After optimization by response surface methodology, EOs, RU, QU, KA and IS were separated under the following optimum conditions: an ionic liquid of 1.0 M 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazole bromine salt ([C4mim]), liquid/solid ratio of 12 ml g –1 , extraction time of 34 min, microwave power of 540 W and a fixed ultrasonic power of 50 W. Under the optimized conditions of ILUMASDE, the extraction yields of RU, QU, KA, IS and EOs were 9.18 ± 0.35, 5.52 ± 0.23, 3.03 ± 0.11, 5.64 ± 0.24 mg g –1 and 0.095 ± 0.004%, respectively. The yield of EOs obtained using ILUMASDE was 1.07-fold higher than that obtained by conventional hydrodistillation extraction (HDE). In addition, the components of the EOs obtained using ILUMASDE and HDE were similar. The extraction yields of RU, QU, KA, IS obtained by ILUMASDE were 1.03–1.35-fold higher than that obtained by the ethanol ultrasonic-assisted extraction (EUAE), ionic liquid-based ultrasonic-assisted extraction (ILUAE) and ionic liquid-based microwave-assisted extraction (ILMAE). And the extraction time used by ILUMASDE was 34 min, which is 14.17%, 56.67%, 56.67% and 85.00% less than those used by HDE, EUAE, ILUAE and ILMAE, respectively. Therefore, ILUMASDE can be considered a rapid and efficient method for extracting flavonoids and EO from seabuckthorn ( Hippophae rhamnoids L.) leaves.
    Keywords: analytical chemistry, green chemistry
    Electronic ISSN: 2054-5703
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by Royal Society
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  • 5
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    Tailoring morphology of cobalt-nickel layered double hydroxide via different surfactants for high-performance supercapacitor (2018)
    Royal Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-09-13
    Description: Tailoring the morphology of cobalt–nickel layered double hydroxide (LDH) electrode material was successfully achieved via the process of cathodic electrodeposition by adding different surfactants (hexamethylenetetramine, dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB) or cetyltrimethylammonium bromide). The as-prepared Co 0.75 Ni 0.25 (OH) 2 samples with surfactants exhibited wrinkle-like, cauliflower-like or net-like structures that corresponded to better electrochemical performances than the untreated one. In particular, a specific capacitance of 1209.1 F g –1 was found for the cauliflower-like Co 0.75 Ni 0.25 (OH) 2 electrode material using DTAB as the surfactant at a current density of 1 A g –1 , whose structure boosted ion diffusion to present a good rate ability of 64% with a 50-fold increase in current density from 1 A g –1 to 50 A g –1 . Accordingly, the asymmetric supercapacitor assembled by current LDH electrode and activated carbon electrode showed an energy density as high as 21.3 Wh kg –1 at a power density of 3625 W kg –1 . The relationship between surfactant and electrochemical performance of the LDH electrode materials has been discussed.
    Keywords: materials science, energy
    Electronic ISSN: 2054-5703
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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  • 6
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    Amphotericin B-conjugated polypeptide hydrogels as a novel innovative strategy for fungal infections (2018)
    Royal Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-14
    Description: The present work is focused on the design and development of novel amphotericin B (AmB)-conjugated biocompatible and biodegradable polypeptide hydrogels to improve the antifungal activity. Using three kinds of promoting self-assembly groups (2-naphthalene acetic acid (Nap), naproxen (Npx) and dexamethasone (Dex)) and polypeptide sequence (Phe-Phe-Asp-Lys-Tyr, FFDKY), we successfully synthesized the Nap-FFDK(AmB)Y gels, Npx-FFDK(AmB)Y gels and Dex-FFDK(AmB)Y gels. The AmB-conjugated hydrogelators are highly soluble in different aqueous solutions. The cryo-transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy micrographs of hydrogels afford nanofibres with a width of 20–50 nm. Powder X-ray diffraction analyses demonstrate that the crystalline structures of the AmB and Dex are changed into amorphous structures after the formation of hydrogels. Circular dichroism spectra of the solution of blank carriers and the corresponding drug deliveries further help elucidate the molecular arrangement in gel phase, indicating the existence of turn features. The in vitro drug releases suggest that the AmB-conjugated hydrogels are suitable as drug-controlled release vehicles for hydrophobic drugs. The antifungal effect of AmB-conjugated hydrogels significantly exhibits the antifungal activity against Candida albicans . The results of the present study indicated that the AmB-conjugated hydrogels are suitable carriers for poorly water soluble drugs and for enhancement of therapeutic efficacy of antifungal drugs.
    Keywords: medicinal chemistry, nanotechnology, supramolecular chemistry
    Electronic ISSN: 2054-5703
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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  • 7
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    Pheromone outweighs temperature cues (2015)
    Royal Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-05-30
    Description: Organisms continuously acquire and process information from surrounding cues. While some cues complement one another in delivering more reliable information, others may provide conflicting information. How organisms extract and use reliable information from a multitude of cues is largely unknown. We examined movement decisions of sea lampreys ( Petromyzon marinus L.) exposed to a conspecific and an environmental cue during pre-spawning migration. Specifically, we predicted that the mature male-released sex pheromone 3-keto petromyzonol sulfate (3kPZS) will outweigh the locomotor inhibiting effects of cold stream temperature (less than 15°C). Using large-scale stream bioassays, we found that 3kPZS elicits an increase (more than 40%) in upstream movement of pre-spawning lampreys when the water temperatures were below 15°C. Both warming temperatures and conspecific cues increase upstream movement when the water temperature rose above 15°C. These patterns define an interaction between abiotic and conspecific cues in modulating animal decision-making, providing an example of the hierarchy of contradictory information.
    Keywords: ecology, evolution, behaviour
    Electronic ISSN: 2054-5703
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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  • 8
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    size distribution of gene sets (2016)
    Royal Society
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-05
    Description: The sizes of paralogues—gene families produced by ancestral duplication—are known to follow a power-law distribution. We examine the size distribution of gene sets or gene families where genes are grouped by a similar function or share a common property. The size distribution of Human Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC) gene sets deviate from the power-law, and can be fitted much better by a beta rank function. We propose a simple mechanism to break a power-law size distribution by a combination of splitting and merging operations. The largest gene sets are split into two to account for the subfunctional categories, and a small proportion of other gene sets are merged into larger sets as new common themes might be realized. These operations are not uncommon for a curator of gene sets. A simulation shows that iteration of these operations changes the size distribution of Ensembl paralogues and could lead to a distribution fitted by a rank beta function. We further illustrate application of beta rank function by the example of distribution of transcription factors and drug target genes among HGNC gene families.
    Keywords: genomics, theoretical biology, computational biology
    Electronic ISSN: 2054-5703
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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  • 9
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    Strain energy analysis of floor heave in longwall gateroads (2018)
    Royal Society
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    Publication Date: 2018-08-09
    Description: Floor heave in longwall gateroads is a severe issue that affects mining safety and efficiency. Researchers, however, have limited understanding on the floor heave mechanism because the deformation of post-failure rocks in the floor was seldom considered previously. In this study, we developed a theoretical model using the strain energy theory to investigate the post-failure deformation of rocks. This model was validated before being implemented into a numerical modelling package, FLAC 3D , for floor heave analysis. Based on a case study of a longwall entry employing a stiff–yield pillar configuration, we observe that massive floor heave occurs at the entry rib that takes less loads (yield pillar) and eventually propagates towards the other rib bearing a significant amount of loads (stiff pillar). This observation sheds light on the floor heave mechanism in longwall gateroads and has major implications for coal mine ground control.
    Keywords: energy, civil engineering
    Electronic ISSN: 2054-5703
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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  • 10
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    Fluorimetric detection of reserpine in mouse serum through online post-column electrochemical derivatization (2018)
    Royal Society
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    Publication Date: 2018-08-16
    Description: A novel method combining high-performance liquid chromatography with online post-column electrochemical derivatization and fluorescence detection was established for the detection of reserpine in mouse serum. Reserpine separation was conducted using a C18 column with 5 mM H 3 PO 4 and acetonitrile (55/45, v/v) as eluent. Reserpine was then electro-oxidized into a strongly fluorescent compound using an electrolytic cell device. Detection parameters, such as potential and fluorescence wavelength, were optimized. The linearity of the proposed method ranged from 0.01 to 5.0 mg l –1 with a correlation coefficient of 0.9997. The limit of qualification ( S / N = 10) and limit of detection ( S / N = 3) were 9.7 and 2.9 µg l –1 , respectively. Resperine recoveries from spiked blank and drug-treated mouse serum samples ranged from 92.0 to 115%.
    Keywords: analytical chemistry
    Electronic ISSN: 2054-5703
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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