ALBERT

Description: Soil organic carbon (SOC) stored in northern peatlands and permafrost-affected soils are key components in the global carbon cycle. This contribution provides maps of SOC in a sub-arctic mountainous peatland environment in the discontinuous permafrost zone for the Stordalen area in the Abisko region, northern Sweden. Four machine-learning techniques were evaluated for SOC quantification: multiple linear regression, artificial neural networks, support vector machine and random forest. The random forest model performed best and was used to predict SOC for several depth increments at a spatial resolution of 1 m (1 × 1 m). A high-resolution (1 m) land cover classification generated for this study is the most relevant predictive variable. The landscape mean SOC storage (0-150 cm) is estimated to 8.3 ± 8.0 kg C m-2 and the SOC stored in the top meter (0-100 cm) to 7.7 ± 6.2 kg C m-2. The predictive modeling highlights the relative importance of wetland areas and in particular peat plateaus for the landscape SOC storage. The total SOC was also predicted at reduced spatial resolutions of 2 m, 10 m, 30 m, 100 m, 250 m and 1000 m and shows a significant drop in land cover class detail and a tendency to underestimate the SOC at resolutions 〉30 m. This is associated with the occurrence of many small scale wetlands forming local hot-spots of SOC storage that are omitted at coarse resolutions. Sharp transitions in SOC storage associated with land cover and permafrost distribution are the most challenging methodological aspect. However, in this study, at local, regional and circum-Arctic scales the main factor limiting robust SOC mapping efforts is the scarcity of soil pedon data from across the entire environmental space. For the Abisko region, past SOC and permafrost dynamics indicate that most of the SOC is barely 2000 years old and very dynamic. Future research needs to investigate the geomorphic response of permafrost degradation and the fate of SOC across all landscape compartments in post-permafrost landscapes.

Description: An object-based approach was used to generate a detailed land cover classification covering the Stordalen area near Abisko, northern Sweden. First, an orthophoto was combined with the DEM resampled to 1 m spatial resolution. A segmentation layer was generated by grouping pixels into homogeneous areas with a minimum region size of 130 m². From this a water mask was classified using the red band of the orthophoto and a slope layer. A land cover training set was created by combining field survey information with visual interpretation of the orthophoto and topography. The following layers were used as input for the classification algorithm: an orthophoto, elevation and slope; a SPOT5 4-band satellite image, and NDVI, SAVI and NIR/SWIR as SPOT5 derivatives. The segments were then classified using a support vector machine algorithm. Artificial surfaces were hand digitized and masked out. The individual thematic classes are described in TableA1. The quality of the classification was assessed using a set of 108 ground control points. The accuracy assessment results in a Kappa value of 0.71 and an overall accuracy of 74% for all land covers excluding water and artificial areas see TableA2.

Description: Soil organic carbon (SOC) stored in northern peatlands and permafrost-affected soils are key components in the global carbon cycle. This dataset provides SOC storage and organic layer depth for 47 soil pedons located in the Stordalen catchement. Stordalen is a sub-arctic mountainous peatland environment in the discontinuous permafrost zone in Abisko, northern Sweden. The data is provided as total SOC storage (SOCTot) including wetland pedons processed to a reference depth of 1.5 m and non-wetland pedons processed to a reference depth of 1 m. If the pedon did not reach that depth it was extrapolated based on a trend in the pedon or similar pedons or set to zero if the lithic contact was reached. Other extracted depth intervals are the SOC stored in the organic surface layer (SOCOL),in the permafrost layer (SOCPF), the SOC stored for the top 30 cm (SOC0to30) and the SOC for the top 100 cm (SOC0to100). SOC values are in kg C m-2 . The depth of the organic layer (OLdepth) in cm is also provided. The location of each pedon is provided as XY coordinates projected in WGS 84 / UTM zone 33N (EPSG: 32633). Altitude is provided from a GPS reading. More information on how the soil data was collected and processed can be found in the linked article (Open Access).

Description: To project the future development of the soil organic carbon (SOC) storage in permafrost environments, the spatial and vertical distribution of key soil properties and their landscape controls needs to be understood. This article reports findings from the Arctic Lena River Delta where we sampled 50 soil pedons. These were classified according to the U.S.D.A. Soil Taxonomy and fall mostly into the Gelisol soil order used for permafrost-affected soils. Soil profiles have been sampled for the active layer (mean depth 58 ± 10 cm) and the upper permafrost to one meter depth. We analyze SOC stocks and key soil properties, i.e. C%, N%, C/N, bulk density, visible ice and water content. These are compared for different landscape groupings of pedons according to geomorphology, soil and land cover and for different vertical depth increments. High vertical resolution plots are used to understand soil development. These show that SOC storage can be highly variable with depth. We recommend the treatment of permafrost-affected soils according to subdivisions into: the surface organic layer, mineral subsoil in the active layer, organic enriched cryoturbated or buried horizons and the mineral subsoil in the permafrost. The major geomorphological units of a subregion of the Lena River Delta were mapped with a land form classification using a data-fusion approach of optical satellite imagery and digital elevation data to upscale SOC storage. Landscape mean SOC storage is estimated to 19.2 ± 2.0 kg C/m**2. Our results show that the geomorphological setting explains more soil variability than soil taxonomy classes or vegetation cover. The soils from the oldest, Pleistocene aged, unit of the delta store the highest amount of SOC per m2 followed by the Holocene river terrace. The Pleistocene terrace affected by thermal-degradation, the recent floodplain and bare alluvial sediments store considerably less SOC in descending order.

Description: A new approach for the estimation of soil organic carbon (SOC) pools north of the tree line has been developed based on synthetic aperture radar (SAR; ENVISAT Advanced SAR Global Monitoring mode) data. SOC values are directly determined from backscatter values instead of upscaling using land cover or soil classes. The multi-mode capability of SAR allows application across scales. It can be shown that measurements in C band under frozen conditions represent vegetation and surface structure properties which relate to soil properties, specifically SOC. It is estimated that at least 29 Pg C is stored in the upper 30 cm of soils north of the tree line. This is approximately 25 % less than stocks derived from the soil-map-based Northern Circumpolar Soil Carbon Database (NCSCD). The total stored carbon is underestimated since the established empirical relationship is not valid for peatlands or strongly cryoturbated soils. The approach does, however, provide the first spatially consistent account of soil organic carbon across the Arctic. Furthermore, it could be shown that values obtained from 1 km resolution SAR correspond to accounts based on a high spatial resolution (2 m) land cover map over a study area of about 7 × 7 km in NE Siberia. The approach can be also potentially transferred to medium-resolution C-band SAR data such as ENVISAT ASAR Wide Swath with ~120 m resolution but it is in general limited to regions without woody vegetation. Global Monitoring-mode-derived SOC increases with unfrozen period length. This indicates the importance of this parameter for modelling of the spatial distribution of soil organic carbon storage.

Description: Permafrost‐affected ecosystems are important components in the global carbon (C) cycle that, despite being vulnerable to disturbances under climate change, remain poorly understood. This dataset provides high-resolution land cover data for the Kytalyk / Chokurdakh study area located at the Berelekh River in the Indigirka lowlands, eastern Siberia, Russia. The land cover classification was constructed from very high spatial resolution (2 m) GeoEye-1 (DigitalGlobe, 19 August 2010) satellite imagery. It was used to map soil organic carbon (SOC) and vegetation biomass over an area dominated by a floodplain and thermokarst basins (Alas). We argue that vegetation dynamics and biomass accumulation are unlikely to offset mineralization of thawed permafrost C and that landscape‐scale reworking of SOC represents the largest potential changes to C cycling.

Description: This dataset contains soil pedon data collected in 2015 on Herschel Island (Qikiqtaruk; 69°34′N, 138°55′W), Beaufort Sea, Canada. Large amounts of soil organic carbon (SOC) are stored in high-latitude ecosystems. Knowledge on storage and variability provides essential base information to asses the vulnerability of this SOC. In total 38 soil pedons were sampled along transects in three typical tundra terrain types common across the Arctic region. These terrain types (unit) are hummocky tussock upland tundra (HT-Tundra), non-sorted circles on upland tundra (NSC-Tundra) and ice-wedge polygon terrain (IWP-Tundra). A main transect was set up with increasing sampling distance from the center and complemented with a shorter crossing transect. This aimed to maximize the distances between individual soil pedons in order to test geostatistical properties of SOC variability. At each pedon location a 1 m wide soil pit was sampled and described using a soil horizon oriented approach. The soil pit was then divided in 10 cm intervals generating 11 sub-pedons. SOC storage was calculated for specific depth intervals SOC 0–30 cm, SOC 0–100 cm, SOCAL (SOC in active layer), SOCPF (SOC in permafrost), as well as the visible ice content for the permafrost section (mean_vis_ice). Additional data includes the depth of the permafrost table (depthPF) and the location of the sub-pedon within the periglacial landforms they occupy (landformLoc). For the active layer, the data was calculated based on perspective corrected images of the soil pit, while for the permafrost section homogeneous layering was applied.

Description: Ponds and lakes are abundant in Arctic permafrost lowlands. They play an important role in Arctic wetland ecosystems by regulating carbon, water, and energy fluxes and providing freshwater habitats. However, ponds, i.e., waterbodies with surface areas smaller than 1.0 × 10**4 m**2, have not been inventoried on global and regional scales. The Permafrost Region Pond and Lake (PeRL) database presents the results of a circum-Arctic effort to map ponds and lakes from modern (2002-2013) high-resolution aerial and satellite imagery with a resolution of 5 m or better. The database also includes historical imagery from 1948 to 1965 with a resolution of 6 m or better. PeRL includes 69 maps covering a wide range of environmental conditions from tundra to boreal regions and from continuous to discontinuous permafrost zones. Waterbody maps are linked to regional permafrost landscape maps which provide information on permafrost extent, ground ice volume, geology, and lithology. This paper describes waterbody classification and accuracy, and presents statistics of waterbody distribution for each site. Maps of permafrost landscapes in Alaska, Canada, and Russia are used to extrapolate waterbody statistics from the site level to regional landscape units. PeRL presents pond and lake estimates for a total area of 1.4 × 10**6 km**2 across the Arctic, about 17 % of the Arctic lowland ( 〈 300 m a.s.l.) land surface area. PeRL waterbodies with sizes of 1.0 × 10**6 m**2 down to 1.0 × 10**2 m**2 contributed up to 21 % to the total water fraction. Waterbody density ranged from 1.0 × 10 to 9.4 × 10**1/km². Ponds are the dominant waterbody type by number in all landscapes representing 45-99 % of the total waterbody number. The implementation of PeRL size distributions in land surface models will greatly improve the investigation and projection of surface inundation and carbon fluxes in permafrost lowlands.