ALBERT

Description: This data set collection provides quality controlled temperature, conductivity and pressure measurements from moored instrumentation (Seabird Microcat) in the Denmark Strait. Practical salinity was calculated from the measured quantities and is provided as well. Temporal resolution of the time series is 10 to 20 minutes. The data was collected between 2005 to 2015 at the location of mooring DS2. This mooring is part of the Denmark Strait Overflow array and maintained by the Institute of Oceanography, University Hamburg. The purpose of the array is to monitor the properties and variability of the dense Denmark Strait Overflow.

Description: This data set provides quality controlled temperature, conductivity and pressure measurements from moored instrumentation (Seabird Microcat) in the Denmark Strait. Practical salinity was calculated from the measured quantities and is provided as well. Temporal resolution of the time series is 15 minutes. The data was collected from August 2005 to July 2006 at the location of mooring DS2. This mooring is part of the Denmark Strait Overflow array and maintained by the Institute of Oceanography, University Hamburg. The purpose of the array was to monitor the properties and variability of the dense Denmark Strait Overflow.

Description: This data set provides quality controlled temperature, conductivity and pressure measurements from moored instrumentation (Seabird Microcat) in the Denmark Strait. Practical salinity was calculated from the measured quantities and is provided as well. Temporal resolution of the time series is 10 minutes. The data was collected from July 2007 to July 2008 at the location of mooring DS2. This mooring is part of the Denmark Strait Overflow array and maintained by the Institute of Oceanography, University Hamburg. The purpose of the array was to monitor the properties and variability of the dense Denmark Strait Overflow.

Description: This data set provides quality controlled temperature, conductivity and pressure measurements from moored instrumentation (Seabird Microcat) in the Denmark Strait. Practical salinity was calculated from the measured quantities and is provided as well. Temporal resolution of the time series is 10 minutes. The data was collected from July 2008 to June 2009 at the location of mooring DS2. This mooring is part of the Denmark Strait Overflow array and maintained by the Institute of Oceanography, University Hamburg. The purpose of the array was to monitor the properties and variability of the dense Denmark Strait Overflow.

Description: This data set provides quality controlled temperature, conductivity and pressure measurements from moored instrumentation (Seabird Microcat) in the Denmark Strait. Practical salinity was calculated from the measured quantities and is provided as well. Temporal resolution of the time series is 20 minutes. The data was collected from June 2009 to July 2010 at the location of mooring DS2. This mooring is part of the Denmark Strait Overflow array and maintained by the Institute of Oceanography, University Hamburg. The purpose of the array was to monitor the properties and variability of the dense Denmark Strait Overflow.

Description: This data set provides quality controlled temperature, conductivity and pressure measurements from moored instrumentation (Seabird Microcat) in the Denmark Strait. Practical salinity was calculated from the measured quantities and is provided as well. Temporal resolution of the time series is 10 minutes. The data was collected from August 2012 to August 2013 at the location of mooring DS2. This mooring is part of the Denmark Strait Overflow array and maintained by the Institute of Oceanography, University Hamburg. The purpose of the array was to monitor the properties and variability of the dense Denmark Strait Overflow.

Description: This data set provides quality controlled temperature, conductivity and pressure measurements from moored instrumentation (Seabird Microcat) in the Denmark Strait. Practical salinity was calculated from the measured quantities and is provided as well. Temporal resolution of the time series is 10 minutes. The data was collected from August 2011 to June 2012 at the location of mooring DS2. This mooring is part of the Denmark Strait Overflow array and maintained by the Institute of Oceanography, University Hamburg. The purpose of the array was to monitor the properties and variability of the dense Denmark Strait Overflow.

Description: This data set provides quality controlled temperature, conductivity and pressure measurements from moored instrumentation (Seabird Microcat) in the Denmark Strait. Practical salinity was calculated from the measured quantities and is provided as well. Temporal resolution of the time series is 10 minutes. The data was collected from August 2013 to July 2014 at the location of mooring DS2. This mooring is part of the Denmark Strait Overflow array and maintained by the Institute of Oceanography, University Hamburg. The purpose of the array was to monitor the properties and variability of the dense Denmark Strait Overflow.

Description: This data set provides quality controlled temperature, conductivity and pressure measurements from moored instrumentation (Seabird Microcat) in the Denmark Strait. Practical salinity was calculated from the measured quantities and is provided as well. Temporal resolution of the time series is 10 minutes. The data was collected from July 2014 to June 2015 at the location of mooring DS2. This mooring is part of the Denmark Strait Overflow array and maintained by the Institute of Oceanography, University Hamburg. The purpose of the array was to monitor the properties and variability of the dense Denmark Strait Overflow.

Description: The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) is a widely accepted drought index. Its calculation algorithm normalizes the index via a distribution function. Which distribution function to use is still disputed within the literature. This study illuminates that long-standing dispute and proposes a solution that ensures the normality of the index for all common accumulation periods in observations and simulations. We compare the normality of SPI time series derived with the gamma, Weibull, generalized gamma, and the exponentiated Weibull distribution. Our normality comparison is based on a complementary evaluation. Actual compared to theoretical occurrence probabilities of SPI categories evaluate the absolute performance of candidate distribution functions. Complementary, the Akaike information criterion evaluates candidate distribution functions relative to each other while analytically punishing complexity. SPI time series, spanning 1983–2013, are calculated from the Global Precipitation Climatology Project's monthly precipitation dataset, and seasonal precipitation hindcasts are from the Max Planck Institute Earth System Model. We evaluate these SPI time series over the global land area and for each continent individually during winter and summer. While focusing on regional performance disparities between observations and simulations that manifest in an accumulation period of 3 months, we additionally test the drawn conclusions for other common accumulation periods (1, 6, 9, and 12 months). Our results suggest that calculating SPI with the commonly used gamma distribution leads to deficiencies in the evaluation of ensemble simulations. Replacing it with the exponentiated Weibull distribution reduces the area of those regions where the index does not have any skill for precipitation obtained from ensemble simulations by more than one magnitude. The exponentiated Weibull distribution maximizes also the normality of SPI obtained from observational data and a single ensemble simulation. We demonstrate that calculating SPI with the exponentiated Weibull distribution delivers better results for each continent and every investigated accumulation period, irrespective of the heritage of the precipitation data. Therefore, we advocate the employment of the exponentiated Weibull distribution as the basis for SPI.