ALBERT

Description: The regional distribution of mounds, associated bottom-simulating reflectors (BSRs) and submarine landslides of the Pacific margin of Nicaragua suggests a genetic relationship between them. In the landslide-dominated parts of the margin, mud mounds occur in groups upslope behind the scarps and aligned parallel to the headwall. The morphotectonic features associated with the slides suggest that the slope failure could be triggered by slope oversteepening on the trailing flank of subducted seamounts. Geometric analysis of the faults triggering and controlling the mud mounds and associated BSRs also indicates that they were caused by collapses of the uplifted sea floor. Thus we propose a simple conceptual genetic model for the occurrences of the submarine landslides, surrounding mud mounds and associated BSRs in the area. Seamount subduction created locally higher fluid overpressure in the décollement. The uplift and fracturing of the margin wedge above the subducting seamount opened pathways for the overpressured fluid to escape, leading to the formation of numerous mud mounds on the sea floor and the BSR in the subsurface. The higher fluid supply locally reduced the shear strength of the sediments and facilitated failure of these sediments as landslides on the oversteepened slope caused by the subduction of the seamount.

Description: In the Campeche Knolls, in the southern Gulf of Mexico, lava-like flows of solidified asphalt cover more than 1 square kilometer of the rim of a dissected salt dome at a depth of 3000 meters below sea level. Chemosynthetic tubeworms and bivalves colonize the sea floor near the asphalt, which chilled and contracted after discharge. The site also includes oil seeps, gas hydrate deposits, locally anoxic sediments, and slabs of authigenic carbonate. Asphalt volcanism creates a habitat for chemosynthetic life that may be widespread at great depth in the Gulf of Mexico.

Description: Complete penetration of frontal thrust and décollement of the Nankai Trough accretionary complex in Site 808 during ODP Leg 131 provided a wealth of structural observations and physical property data. In this paper possible mechanisms are discussed that could be responsible for the development of irregular downhole trends in acoustic anisotropy observed in Site 808. After various steps of data reduction and screening, a paleomagnetic reorientation procedure is applied to a selected group of physical property data sets. This facilitates the integration of the observed changes in physical properties with the geotectonic framework at the deformation front of the Nankai Trough accretionary complex. The paleomagnetic database was employed in the reconstruction of directional properties of acoustic velocities of the Lower Shikoku Basin sedimentary sequence, which is divided by a sharply defined décollement into an accreting and a subducting portion. P-wave velocity anisotropies derived from paleomagnetically oriented samples in the upper part of this 420-m-thick hemipelagic sequence show maximum values in the direction parallel and normal to the inferred vector of plate convergence (310°-315°). No preferred orientation of P-wave velocity anisotropy is found in the subducting part of the sequence. The preferred direction of maximum anisotropy parallel to the convergence vector is also in accordance with the true direction of the observed macro- to mesoscale structural features in Site 808. Microfractures and microcracks forming as stress relief and tensile fractures in cores of semilithified sediment normal and perpendicular to the maximum horizontal stress are discussed as control mechanisms for the development of the observed anisotropy pattern.

Description: Shipboard laboratory index property data, shore-based consolidation tests, and in-situ stress and pore-pressure measurements are used in this study to constrain the stress conditions at ODP Site 808, Nankai Trough. Results of these tests are presented along with additional interpretations of porosity rebound and permeability. The sediment at Site 808 is highly affected by excess fluid pressures throughout the sediment column. Excess fluid pressure is severe below the major fault boundary, the décollement. The in-situ measurement of lateral stresses, which are shallow in the sediment section, confirms that the principal stress direction is rotated from a "normal" basin-type condition where the principal stress direction is vertical.

Description: Sediments undergoing accretion in trench-forearc systems are subjected to conditions of large lateral thrusting. This stress regime controls the mechanism of faulting as well as the yield and strength properties of the sediment. Understanding them is therefore crucial for the construction of quantitative models of sediment dynamics in convergent margin settings. For this purpose triaxial and oedometer tests were performed on six whole-round core samples recovered from Site 808 from depths between 173 and 705 mbsf. Samples from five depth intervals were subjected to a triaxial test program that was primarily designed to define yield and strength behavior. Test specimens were cut parallel and normal to the core axis. Additional five oedometer tests with similarly prepared specimens were performed on samples from four depth intervals to evaluate the directional state and degree of sediment compaction. Test results show that the degree of sediment compaction is higher than expected from overburden. This overcompaction increases with depth. A well-developed mechanical anisotropy is evident in all samples tested, regardless of their depth and lithology. Values of yield limit, stiffness, and shear strength are up to 40% higher in the horizontal direction compared to the vertical direction. In addition the test data demonstrate that the axis of the volumetric yield loci have rotated into extensional stress field. This verifies that the mechanical state of sediment in the accretionary wedge is controlled by in-situ stress conditions of extensional nature. The coefficients of lateral stress inferred suggest that the extensional stress regime becomes increasingly effective with depth.