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  • 1
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    Prostate cancer radiotherapy: increased biochemical control and late toxicity in men with medication allergies (2020)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-09-11
    Description: Background Given similarities in the mediators of medication allergy (MA) and tissue response to radiotherapy, we assessed whether outcomes following prostate radiotherapy differ in patients with MAs. Methods 587 men with known MA history and non-metastatic prostate cancer underwent radiotherapy from 1989-2006. Clinicopathologic and treatment variables were analyzed for association with freedom from biochemical failure (FFBF) and late treatment-related, physician-defined Radiation Therapy Oncology Group gastrointestinal (GI) and genitourinary (GU) toxicity. Covariates identified on univariate analysis (UVA) for toxicity and disease control were examined on multivariable analysis (MVA). All statistical tests were two-sided and a P 〈 .05 was considered statistically significant. Results 155 of 587 men (26.4%) had one or more MAs, most commonly to penicillin (n = 71), sulfa (n = 35) and aspirin/NSAIDs (n = 28). On UVA, men with MA had superior 10-y FFBF (71.5% vs. 63.5%, P = .02) and higher incidence of late GI grade 2 + (G2+; 20.6% vs. 13.2%, P = .04) and grade 3 + (G3+; 7.5% vs. 3.9%, P = .08), as well as late GU G2 + (42.5% vs. 33.2%, P = .04) and G3 + (7.5% vs. 3.0%, P = .02) toxicity than men without MA. On MVA, MA history remained a statistically significant predictor of FFBF (HR = 0.64 [95% CI = 0.43 to 0.93]; P = .02), late G2+ GI (HR = 1.76 [95% CI = 1.06 to 2.90]; P = .03) and G3+ GU (HR = 2.69 [95% CI = 1.16 to 6.27]; P = .02) toxicity after controlling for corresponding covariates in each model. Conclusions Men with MA had improved FFBF and increased treatment-related toxicity following radiotherapy for prostate cancer. MA history could be a relevant consideration in the management of men with localized prostate cancer.
    Electronic ISSN: 2515-5091
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of National Cancer Institute.
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  • 2
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    One-connectivity and finiteness of Hamiltonian S1-manifolds with minimal fixed sets (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-09-20
    Description: Let the circle act effectively in a Hamiltonian fashion on a compact symplectic manifold $(M, \omega )$ . Assume that the fixed point set $M^{S^1}$ has exactly two components, $X$ and $Y$ , and that $\dim (X) + \dim (Y) +2 = \dim (M)$ . We first show that $X$ , $Y$ and $M$ are simply connected. Then we show that, up to $S^1$ -equivariant diffeomorphism, there are finitely many such manifolds in each dimension. Moreover, we show that in low dimensions, the manifold is unique in a certain category. We use techniques from both areas of symplectic geometry and geometric topology.
    Print ISSN: 0024-6107
    Electronic ISSN: 1469-7750
    Topics: Mathematics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 3
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    ALMA and Herschel reveal that X-ray-selected AGN and main-sequence galaxies have different star formation rate distributions (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-27
    Description: Using deep Herschel and ALMA observations, we investigate the star formation rate (SFR) distributions of X-ray-selected active galactic nucleus (AGN) host galaxies at 0.5 〈  z  〈 1.5 and 1.5 〈  z  〈 4, comparing them to that of normal, star-forming (i.e. ‘main-sequence’, or MS) galaxies. We find that 34–55 per cent of AGNs in our sample have SFRs at least a factor of 2 below that of the average MS galaxy, compared to 15 per cent of all MS galaxies, suggesting significantly different SFR distributions. Indeed, when both are modelled as lognormal distributions, the mass and redshift-normalized SFR distributions of X-ray AGNs are roughly twice as broad, and peak 0.4 dex lower, than that of MS galaxies. However, like MS galaxies, the normalized SFR distribution of AGNs in our sample appears not to evolve with redshift. Despite X-ray AGNs and MS galaxies having different SFR distributions, the linear-mean SFR of AGNs derived from our distributions is remarkably consistent with that of MS galaxies, and thus with previous results derived from stacked Herschel data. This apparent contradiction is due to the linear-mean SFR being biased by bright outliers, and thus does not necessarily represent a true characterization of the typical SFR of X-ray AGNs.
    Print ISSN: 1745-3925
    Electronic ISSN: 1745-3933
    Topics: Physics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 4
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    ALMA observations of a z {approx} 3.1 protocluster: star formation from active galactic nuclei and Lyman-alpha blobs in an overdense environment (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: We exploit Atacama Large Interferometer Array (ALMA) 870 μm observations to measure the star formation rates (SFRs) of eight X-ray detected active galactic nuclei (AGNs) in a z 3.1 protocluster, four of which reside in extended Lyα haloes (often termed Lyman-alpha blobs: LABs). Three of the AGNs are detected by ALMA and have implied SFRs of 220–410 M  yr –1 ; the non-detection of the other five AGNs places SFR upper limits of 210 M  yr –1 . The mean SFR of the protocluster AGNs (110–210 M  yr –1 ) is consistent (within a factor of 0.7–2.3) with that found for co-eval AGNs in the field, implying that the galaxy growth is not significantly accelerated in these systems. However, when also considering ALMA data from the literature, we find evidence for elevated mean SFRs (up-to a factor of 5.9 over the field) for AGNs at the protocluster core, indicating that galaxy growth is significantly accelerated in the central regions of the protocluster. We also show that all of the four protocluster LABs are associated with an ALMA counterpart within the extent of their Lyα emission. The SFRs of the ALMA sources within the LABs (150–410 M  yr –1 ) are consistent with those expected for co-eval massive star-forming galaxies in the field. Furthermore, the two giant LABs (with physical extents of 100 kpc) do not host more luminous star formation than the smaller LABs, despite being an order of magnitude brighter in Lyα emission. We use these results to discuss star formation as the power source of LABs.
    Print ISSN: 0035-8711
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2966
    Topics: Physics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 5
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    Mid-infrared luminous quasars in the GOODS-Herschel fields: a large population of heavily obscured, Compton-thick quasars at z {approx} 2 (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-01-01
    Description: We present the infrared (IR) and X-ray properties of a sample of 33 mid-IR luminous quasars ( L 6 μm ≥ 6 x 10 44 erg s –1 ) at redshift z 1–3, identified through detailed spectral energy distribution analyses of distant star-forming galaxies, using the deepest IR data from Spitzer and Herschel in the GOODS– Herschel fields. The aim is to constrain the fraction of obscured, and Compton-thick (CT, N H 〉 1.5 x 10 24 cm –2 ) quasars at the peak era of nuclear and star formation activities. Despite being very bright in the mid-IR band, 30 per cent of these quasars are not detected in the extremely deep 2 and 4 Ms Chandra X-ray data available in these fields. X-ray spectral analysis of the detected sources reveals that the majority (67 per cent) are obscured by column densities N H 〉 10 22 cm –2 ; this fraction reaches 80 per cent when including the X-ray-undetected sources (9 out of 33), which are likely to be the most heavily obscured, CT quasars. We constrain the fraction of CT quasars in our sample to be 24–48 per cent, and their space density to be = (6.7 ± 2.2) x 10 –6 Mpc –3 . From the investigation of the quasar host galaxies in terms of star formation rates (SFRs) and morphological distortions, as a sign of galaxy mergers/interactions, we do not find any direct relation between SFRs and quasar luminosity or X-ray obscuration. On the other hand, there is tentative evidence that the most heavily obscured quasars have, on average, more disturbed morphologies than the unobscured/moderately obscured quasar hosts, which preferentially live in undisturbed systems. However, the fraction of quasars with disturbed morphology amongst the whole sample is 40 per cent, suggesting that galaxy mergers are not the main fuelling mechanism of quasars at z 2.
    Print ISSN: 0035-8711
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2966
    Topics: Physics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 6
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    WormBase 2016: expanding to enable helminth genomic research (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-01-07
    Description: WormBase ( www.wormbase.org ) is a central repository for research data on the biology, genetics and genomics of Caenorhabditis elegans and other nematodes. The project has evolved from its original remit to collect and integrate all data for a single species, and now extends to numerous nematodes, ranging from evolutionary comparators of C. elegans to parasitic species that threaten plant, animal and human health. Research activity using C. elegans as a model system is as vibrant as ever, and we have created new tools for community curation in response to the ever-increasing volume and complexity of data. To better allow users to navigate their way through these data, we have made a number of improvements to our main website, including new tools for browsing genomic features and ontology annotations. Finally, we have developed a new portal for parasitic worm genomes. WormBase ParaSite ( parasite.wormbase.org ) contains all publicly available nematode and platyhelminth annotated genome sequences, and is designed specifically to support helminth genomic research.
    Print ISSN: 0305-1048
    Electronic ISSN: 1362-4962
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 7
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    Environmentally mediated trends in otolith composition of juvenile Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-10-22
    Description: We evaluated the influence of environmental exposure of juvenile Atlantic cod ( Gadus morhua ) to inform interpretations of natal origins and movement patterns using otolith geochemistry. Laboratory rearing experiments were conducted with a variety of temperature (~5, 8.5, and 12°C) and salinity (~25, 28.5, and 32 PSU) combinations. We measured magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), strontium (Sr), and barium (Ba), expressed as a ratio to calcium (Ca), using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and stable carbon ( 13 C) and oxygen ( 18 O) isotopes using isotope ratio monitoring mass spectrometry. Temperature and salinity significantly affected all elements and isotopes measured, except salinity on Mg:Ca. We detected significant interactions among temperature and salinity for Mn:Ca and Ba:Ca partition coefficients (ratio of otolith chemistry to water chemistry), with significant temperature effects only detected in the 32 and 28.5 PSU salinity treatments. Similarly, we detected a significant interaction between temperature and salinity in incorporation of 13 C, with a significant temperature effect except at intermediate salinity. These results support the contention that environmental mediation of otolith composition varies among species, thus limiting the ability of generalized models to infer life history patterns from chemistry. Our results provide essential baseline information detailing environmental influence on juvenile Atlantic cod otolith composition, punctuating the importance of laboratory validations to translate species-specific otolith composition when inferring in situ life histories and movements.
    Print ISSN: 1054-3139
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9289
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 8
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    Design and implementation of electronic monitoring in the British Columbia groundfish hook and line fishery: a retrospective view of the ingredients of success (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-06-04
    Description: Catches in the groundfish hook and line fishery in British Columbia on Canada's west coast have been monitored since 2006 with an interrelated suite of technical components. These include, but are not limited to, full (100%) independent dockside monitoring, full video capture of fishing events and vessel monitoring at sea, 10% partial review of the video imagery from each trip, and full coverage of fisher logbooks. The monitoring also relies on complete retention of the over 30 species of rockfish ( Sebastes spp.). Each component, in spite of its weaknesses as a stand-alone monitoring tool, makes an essential contribution without which the overall programme would fail. The programme has surpassed expectations in providing accurate, defensible, and timely estimates of total catch for all quota and many non-quota species. This document summarizes contextual and process ingredients, which contributed to implementation, the key being a "carrot and stick" approach wherein industry support was facilitated by the "carrot" of coincident full introduction of individual vessel quotas (ITQs). The "stick" was that Government support was conditional on improving catch monitoring with the proviso that ITQs would not be considered and the fishery would be closed until the monitoring was improved. Also important was the fact that previous failures to solve management and catch monitoring in this fishery with overly simple solutions had created an understanding by all participants that an effective and lasting solution would be complex and require a major commitment of time and funds.
    Print ISSN: 1054-3139
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9289
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 9
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    ALMA resolves extended star formation in high-z AGN host galaxies (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-03
    Description: We present high-resolution (0.3 arcsec) Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) 870 μm imaging of five z 1.5–4.5 X-ray detected AGN (with luminosities of L 2–8keV 〉 10 42  erg s –1 ). These data provide a 20 times improvement in spatial resolution over single-dish rest-frame far-infrared (FIR) measurements. The sub-millimetre emission is extended on scales of FWHM  0.2 arcsec–0.5 arcsec, corresponding to physical sizes of 1–3 kpc (median value of 1.8 kpc). These sizes are comparable to the majority of z =1–5 sub-millimetre galaxies (SMGs) with equivalent ALMA measurements. In combination with spectral energy distribution analyses, we attribute this rest-frame FIR emission to dust heated by star formation. The implied star-formation rate surface densities are 20–200 M  yr –1  kpc –2 , which are consistent with SMGs of comparable FIR luminosities (i.e. L IR  [1–5] x 10 12  L ). Although limited by a small sample of AGN, which all have high-FIR luminosities, our study suggests that the kpc-scale spatial distribution and surface density of star formation in high-redshift star-forming galaxies is the same irrespective of the presence of X-ray detected AGN.
    Print ISSN: 1745-3925
    Electronic ISSN: 1745-3933
    Topics: Physics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 10
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    The Impact of Food Deserts on Food Insufficiency and SNAP Participation among the Elderly (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-12-13
    Description: Residents of neighborhoods with limited access to grocery stores may face barriers to obtaining adequate food for a healthy diet. Low-income elderly may be uniquely affected by these so-called "food deserts" due to limited transportation options, strong attachments to local neighborhoods, fixed incomes, and physical limitations for food shopping. Using 2006 and 2010 Health and Retirement Study data linked to census tract-level measures of food deserts, this study measures whether living in a food desert affects food and material hardship, participation in food assistance programs, and the food spending of elderly adults. In both cross-sectional and fixed effects regressions of elderly residents of urban counties, we find little evidence that living in a food desert affects these outcomes. We find, however, that individuals residing in a food desert without a vehicle are 12 percentage points more likely to report food insufficiency. Those SNAP recipients living in food deserts are 11 percentage points more likely to receive subsidized meals, while nonparticipants in food deserts and SNAP recipients outside of food deserts are less likely to receive subsidized meals. Our findings suggest that seniors without vehicles and SNAP recipients in food deserts may be the most vulnerable to limited food store access.
    Keywords: I30 - General, Q18 - Agricultural Policy ; Food Policy, R12 - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity, R40 - General
    Print ISSN: 0002-9092
    Electronic ISSN: 1467-8276
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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