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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 42 (1980), S. 177-186 
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 47 (1985), S. 753-763 
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2015-12-29
    Description: This study addresses irreversible investment decision-making in the context of uncertainty when allowing for inefficiency to be transmitted over time. Both irreversibility and persistence in technical inefficiency can lead to sluggish adjustment of quasi-fixed factors of production. The context of our application is the Spanish olive sector using farm-level data. We first estimate a dynamic stochastic frontier model to determine the long-run technical efficiency and its persistence. Then we address the decision to invest under uncertainty and irreversibility using a real option approach and include the technical inefficiency and its persistence in the simulation model to evaluate their impact in the investment decision. Technical efficiency in the dynamic model is 72.7 per cent, which is 5.5 per cent lower than the static framework suggests. We find that olive grove investment is irreversible. However, the level of persistence in technical inefficiency is fairly low, suggesting that efforts to mitigate price uncertainty can improve production returns to the Spanish olive sector.
    Keywords: D81 - Criteria for Decision-Making under Risk and Uncertainty, Q12 - Micro Analysis of Farm Firms, Farm Households, and Farm Input Markets
    Print ISSN: 0165-1587
    Electronic ISSN: 1464-3618
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2016-01-20
    Description: The standard for wireless communication of high-speed data in mobile phones and data terminals, called LTE (Long-Term Evolution) and marketed as 4G/LTE, is quickly being adopted worldwide. The security of this type of communication is a crucial factor mainly due to its mobile and wireless nature. This work includes a practical analysis of the SNOW 3G generator used to protect the confidentiality and integrity in LTE communications. In particular, several techniques to perform multiplications and LFSR operations have been studied and implemented on both iOS and Android platforms. The evaluation of those implementations led to some conclusions that could be used to improve the efficiency of future implementations of the standard.
    Print ISSN: 1367-0751
    Electronic ISSN: 1368-9894
    Topics: Mathematics
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2011-11-24
    Description: Lorance, P., Agnarsson, S., Damalas, D., des Clers, S., Figueiredo, I., Gil, J., and Trenkel, V. M. 2011. Using qualitative and quantitative stakeholder knowledge: examples from European deep-water fisheries. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 1815–1824. Stakeholder knowledge was collected through questionnaires and cognitive maps and used to summarize biological, environmental, technical, management, and socio-economic factors for several deep-water fisheries, identifying regional management issues and solutions. The questionnaires and cognitive maps revealed different technical, environmental, and management concerns in these fisheries. Dissatisfaction with management was more at an implementation than a conceptual level, because the existing management measures were mostly considered fit for purpose. Further, catch-and-effort data provided by the fishing industry were used to calculate standardized landings per unit effort. The results suggested different trends over time for three deep-water stocks exploited by the same fleet. The examples demonstrate how stakeholder involvement and use of qualitative knowledge and quantitative data might improve the management process and stock assessments when data are limited.
    Print ISSN: 1054-3139
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9289
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Physics
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2011-11-24
    Description: This research evaluates price volatility transmission in the Brazilian ethanol industry over time and across markets by using a new methodological approach proposed by Seo. The main advantage of Seo's method is that it allows for joint estimation of the co-integration relationship between the price series investigated and the multivariate generalised autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity process. It thus allows the responses of both food price levels and volatility to unanticipated shocks to be considered together. Results suggest a strong link between food and energy markets, both in terms of price levels and volatility.
    Keywords: C32 - Time-Series Models, Q11 - Aggregate Supply and Demand Analysis ; Prices
    Print ISSN: 0165-1587
    Electronic ISSN: 1464-3618
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2013-10-12
    Description: Models of pulsar radio emission that are based on an inner accelerating region require the existence of very strong and small-scale surface magnetic field structures at or near the canonical polar cap. The aim of this paper is to identify a mechanism that creates such field structures and maintains them over a pulsar's lifetime. The likely physical process that can create the required ‘magnetic spots’ is the Hall drift occurring in the crust of a neutron star. It is demonstrated that the Hall drift can produce small-scale strong surface magnetic field anomalies (spots) on time-scales of 10 4 yr by means of non-linear interaction between poloidal and toroidal components of the subsurface magnetic field. These anomalies are characterized by strengths of about 10 14 G and curvature radii of field lines of about 10 6 cm, both of which are fundamental for generation of observable radio emission.
    Print ISSN: 0035-8711
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2966
    Topics: Physics
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2014-09-20
    Description: Genome-wide association studies have identified 73 breast cancer risk variants mainly in European populations. Given considerable differences in linkage disequilibrium structure between populations of European and African ancestry, the known risk variants may not be informative for risk in African ancestry populations. In a previous fine-mapping investigation of 19 breast cancer loci, we were able to identify SNPs in four regions that better captured risk associations in African American women. In this study of breast cancer in African American women (3016 cases, 2745 controls), we tested an additional 54 novel breast cancer risk variants. Thirty-eight variants (70%) were found to have an association with breast cancer in the same direction as previously reported, with eight (15%) replicating at P 〈 0.05. Through fine-mapping, in three regions ( 1q32 , 3p24, 10q25 ), we identified variants that better captured associations with overall breast cancer or estrogen receptor positive disease. We also observed suggestive associations with variants (at P 〈 5 x 10 –6 ) in three separate regions ( 6q25, 14q13 , 22q12 ) that may represent novel risk variants. Directional consistency of association observed for ~65–70% of currently known genetic variants for breast cancer in women of African ancestry implies a shared functional common variant at most loci. To validate and enhance the spectrum of alleles that define associations at the known breast cancer risk loci, as well as genome-wide, will require even larger collaborative efforts in women of African ancestry.
    Print ISSN: 0964-6906
    Electronic ISSN: 1460-2083
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2015-01-07
    Description: Peptide: N -glycanase (PNGase) A is used preferentially to cleave the glycans from plant and insect glycopeptides. Although many putative PNGase A homologous genes have been found in the plant and fungus kingdoms through sequence similarity analyses, only several PNGases from plants and one from a filamentous fungus have been characterized. In this study, we identified and characterized a PNGase A-like enzyme, PNGase Yl, in the dimorphic yeast Yarrowia lipolytica . The corresponding gene was cloned and recombinantly expressed in Pichia pastoris . The purified enzyme cleaved glycans from glycopeptides with the maximum activity at pH 5. No metal ions were required for full activity, and rather it was repressed by three metal ions (Fe 3+ , Cu 2+ and Zn 2+ ). Using glycopeptide substrates, PNGase Yl was shown to release various types of N -glycans including high-mannose and complex-type glycans as well as glycans containing core-linked α(1,3)-fucose that are frequently found in plants and insects. Moreover, in comparison with PNGase A, PNGase Yl was able to cleave with higher efficiency the glycans from some denatured glycoproteins. Taken together, our results suggest that PNGase Yl, the first biochemically characterized yeast PNGase A homologue, can be developed through protein engineering as a useful deglycosylation tool for N -glycosylation study.
    Print ISSN: 0021-924X
    Electronic ISSN: 1756-2651
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2015-01-09
    Description: The analysis of X-ray observations suggest an ultrastrong ( B   10 14 G) surface magnetic field at the polar cap of pulsars. On the other hand, the temperature of the polar caps is about a few millions Kelvin. Based on these two facts, we use the Partially Screened Gap (PSG) model to describe the Inner Acceleration Region (IAR). The PSG model assumes that the temperature of the actual polar cap is equal to the so-called critical value, i.e. the temperature at which the outflow of thermal ions from the surface screens the gap completely. We have found that, depending on the conditions above the polar cap, the generation of high energetic photons in IAR can be caused either by Curvature Radiation (CR) or by Inverse Compton Scattering (ICS). Completely different properties of both processes result in two different scenarios of breaking the acceleration gap: the so-called PSG-off mode for the gap dominated by CR and the PSG-on mode for the gap dominated by ICS. The existence of two different mechanisms of gap breakdown naturally explains the mode-changing phenomenon. Different characteristics of plasma generated in the acceleration region for both modes also explain the pulse nulling phenomenon.
    Print ISSN: 0035-8711
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2966
    Topics: Physics
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