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  • 1
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    Paratacamite-(Mg), Cu3(Mg,Cu)Cl2(OH)6; a new substituted basic copper chloride mineral from Camerones, Chile (2013)
    Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-12-24
    Description: Paratacamite-(Mg) (IMA 2013-014), Cu 3 (Mg,Cu)Cl 2 (OH) 6 , is the new Mg-analogue of paratacamite. It was found near the village of Cuya in the Camarones Valley, Arica Province, Chile. The mineral is a supergene secondary phase occurring in association with anhydrite, atacamite, chalcopyrite, copiapite, dolomite, epsomite, haydeeite, hematite, magnesite and quartz. Paratacamite-(Mg) crystals are rhombs and thick to thin prisms up to 0.3 mm in size exhibiting the forms {201} and {001}. Twinning by reflection on {101I} is common. The mineral is transparent with a vitreous lustre, with medium to deep-green colour and light-green streak. Mohs hardness is 3–31/2, the tenacity is brittle and the fracture is conchoidal. Paratacamite-(Mg) has one perfect cleavage on {201}. The measured and calculated densities are 3.50(2) and 3.551 g cm –3 , respectively. The mineral is optically uniaxial (–) with = 1.785(5) and 〉 1.8 and slight pleochroism: O (bluish green) 〉 E (green). Electron-microprobe analyses provided the empirical formula Cu 3 (Mg 0.60 Cu 0.38 Ni 0.01 Mn 0.01 )Cl 2 (OH) 6 . The mineral is easily soluble in dilute HCl. Paratacamite-(Mg) is trigonal, R 3I, with cell parameters a = 13.689(1), c = 14.025(1) Å, V = 2275.8(3) Å 3 and Z = 12. There is a pronounced sub-cell corresponding to a ' 1/2 a , c ' c in space group R 3I m . The eight strongest lines in the X-ray powder diffraction pattern are [ d obs Å( I )( hkl )]: 5.469(87)(021), 4.686(26)(003), 2.904(34)(401), 2.762(100)(223I,042), 2.265(81)(404), 1.819(26)(603), 1.710 (34)(440) and 1.380(19)(446). The structure was refined to R 1 = 0.039 for 480 F o 〉 4 F reflections. Refinement using interlayer Mg-Cu site scattering factors indicated that Mg is distributed statistically between both interlayer octahedra M 1O 6 and M 2O 6 . A comparison of the distortions associated with M 1O 6 and M 2O 6 octahedra suggest that the sample is near the upper compositional limit for stability of the R 3I phase.
    Print ISSN: 0026-461X
    Electronic ISSN: 1471-8022
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland
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  • 2
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    Structural and compositional variations of basic Cu(II) chlorides in the herbertsmithite and gillardite structure field (2017)
    Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-02-15
    Description: Natural samples of the substituted basic Cu(II) chloride series, Cu 4–x M 2+ x (OH) 6 Cl 2 ( M = Zn, Ni, or Mg) were investigated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction in order to elucidate compositional boundaries associated with paratacamite and its congeners. The compositional ranges examined are Cu 3.65 Zn 0.35 (OH) 6 Cl 2 – Cu 3.36 Zn 0.64 (OH) 6 Cl 2 and Cu 3.61 Ni 0.39 (OH) 6 Cl 2 – Cu 3.13 Ni 0.87 (OH) 6 Cl 2 , along with a single Mg-bearing phase. The majority of samples studied have trigonal symmetry ( R m ) analogous to that of herbertsmithite (Zn) and gillardite (Ni), with a 6.8, c 14.0 Å. Crystallographic variations for these samples caused by composition are compared with both published and new data for the R m sub-cell of paratacamite, paratacamite-(Mg) and paratacamite-(Ni). The observed trends suggest that the composition of end-members associated with the paratacamite congeners depend upon the nature of the substituting cation.
    Print ISSN: 0026-461X
    Electronic ISSN: 1471-8022
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland
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  • 3
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    Non-invasive assessment of selective 5-HT 1B/1D -receptor agonist-induced peripheral vascular effects in humans: comparison of different techniques (2002)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-08-01
    Print ISSN: 0031-6970
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-1041
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Published by Springer
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The 16-day planetary wave in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (1999)
    Springer
    Annales geophysicae 17 (1999), S. 1447-1456 
    Details
    ISSN: 0992-7689
    Keywords: Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics ; (middle atmosphere dynamics; thermospheric dynamics; waves and tides)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A meteor radar located at Sheffield in the UK has been used to measure wind oscillations with periods in the range 10–28 days in the mesosphere/lower-thermosphere region at 53.5°N, 3.9°W from January 1990 to August 1994. The data reveal a motion field in which wave activity occurs over a range of frequencies and in episodes generally lasting for less than two months. A seasonal cycle is apparent in which the largest observed amplitudes are as high as 14 ms−1 and are observed from January to mid-April. A minimum in activity occurs in late June to early July. A second, smaller, maximum follows in late summer/autumn where amplitudes reach up to 7–10 ms−1. Considerable interannual variability is apparent but wave activity is observed in the summers of all the years examined, albeit at very small amplitudes near mid summer. This behaviour suggests that the equatorial winds in the mesopause region do not completely prevent inter-hemispheric ducting of the wave from the winter hemisphere, or that it is generated in situ.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-999-1447-9
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amino acid uptake and respiration by marine heterotrophs (1976)
    Springer
    Marine biology 35 (1976), S. 41-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The concentration and turnover of dissolved free amino acids were measured in samples from 25 and 100 m on three occasions at a station 6 miles off the California (USA) coast. Individual amino acid concentrations varied from undetectable (〈0.05 μg/l) to 3 μg/l, the total amino acid concentration from 1.8 to 8.5 μg/l. The greater concentration of total amino acids was always found at 25 m. The predominant amino acids were serine, lysine, aspartate, glutamate and alanine; reliable analyses could not be made for glycine because of a high blank. For the 10 individual amino acids studied, the rate of heterotrophic turnover ranged from undetectable to 1.2 μg/l day-1; serine, aspartate, alanine and glutamate showed the highest rates. In samples from 25 m, the rates were 15 to 20 times higher than those taken from 100 m. The total calculated flux of the amino acids studied varied from 0.015 to 3.2 μg/l day-1 and amounted to 1–10% of photosynthetic carbon dioxide fixation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00386673
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An examination of photosynthetic production, excretion of photosynthetic products, and heterotrophic utilization of dissolved organic compounds with reference to results from a coastal subtropical sea (1976)
    Springer
    Marine biology 35 (1976), S. 31-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The rate of primary production, excretion of photosynthetic products and turnover of glucose and amino acids was measured at a station in a coastal region in the Bahamas. Over the depths 0 to 50 m, total photosynthetic rates varied from 1.7 to 12.7 μgC fixed 1-1day-1, averaging 4.3. The extent of extracellular photosynthetic products ranged from undetectable to 23%, averaging 6.9%. Neither the field data nor studies with axenic cultures of Dunaliella tertiolecta, Skeletonema costatum, and Monochrysis lutheri showed any evidence of an increase in the percentage excretion at low population densities or low photosynthetic rates. Rates of amino acid turnover varied from 21 to 168% day-1, and that of glucose from 8.3 to 41% day-1. Light seems to have little effect on the uptake and respiration of these substrates by the planktonic population. There was a significant relationship between the fraction of the substrate used for respiration and that retained by the cell. On average, 42% of the glucose taken up was respired and 21% of the amino acid mixture. Tentative calculations suggest that the production of dissolved organic material as extracellular photosynthetic products would be insufficient to supply the heterotrophic population, and it was concluded that some other route(s) must be of major importance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00386672
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Autotrophic and bacterial production: Fractionation of plankton populations by differential filtration of samples from the English channel (1974)
    Springer
    Marine biology 25 (1974), S. 263-269 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The relationship between release of organic substances by phytoplankton and their utilization by heterotrophic bacteria has been measured by means of differential filtration in parallel Steemann Nielsen and Parsons and Strickland incubations. In Southampton Waters (UK), between March and September, the values for bacterial production measured in the above manner varied between 1 and 30%, the total primary production being taken as 100%. Even when low bacterial production occurs during the light period of incubation, a significant increase takes place during the following dark period. Thus, a close correlation between primary algal and the resultant bacterial production can be demonstrated. Quantitative data on bacterial production may be obtained from the conventional productivity experiments by simple double filtration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00404968
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Surface-film microbial populations: diel amino acid metabolism, carbon utilization, and growth rates (1986)
    Springer
    Marine biology 92 (1986), S. 289-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Microheterotrophic dissolved free amino acid (DFAA) utilization, and microbial community and bacterial community carbon production and growth were studied using 3H-labeled organics as tracers in marine surface-film and subsurface (10 cm) waters off Baja California in November 1983. DFAA utilization was generally more rapid during the day (0.14 to 0.38 nM h-1) than at night (0.04 to 0.14 nM h-1) in surface-film and subsurface waters, but the percent of utilized amino acid which was respired was always greater during the night (22 to 57%) compared to the day (14 to 18%). Utilization of DFAA-carbon was estimated to range from 0.3 to 5.3 μg C l-1 d-1 for all stations studied. In six of the 8 samples examined, the percentage of microbial carbon accounted for by the bacterial component of the population (1.4 to 5.9%) was strikingly similar to the percentage of microbial carbon production accounted for by bacterial carbon production (1.9 to 5.1%). In all of these six samples, total microbial specific-growth rates and bacterial specific-growth rates were approximately equivalent (0.9 to 2.2 d-1 for the microbial community; 0.7 to 1.9 d-1 for bacteria). The two exceptions were samples apparently influenced by transient flagellate populations migrating into the surface or subsurface waters at night. These observations support the conclusion that surface films contain unique and highly active microbial populations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00392847
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Petrology and deformation of metamorphosed volcanic-exhalative sediments in the Gairloch Schist Belt, N.W. Scotland (1985)
    Springer
    Mineralium deposita 20 (1985), S. 302-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1866
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The Gairloch Schist Belt in the Archaean to Early Proterozoic Lewisian Complex of north-west Scotland is largely composed of amphibolite facies metabasites and metagreywackes. These are associated with a distinctive suite of metamorphosed volcanic-exhalative sediments including quartz-magnetite rocks, garnet-grunerite rocks and compositionally variable, siliceous calcite- and dolomite-bearing lithologies. The carbonate horizons are locally rich in sulphide and carry Cu-Zn-Au mineralization. Meta-exhalites occur within parts of metavolcanic units characterized by metamorphosed tuffs and tuffs mixed with exhalative material. Quartz-magnetite and carbonate horizons were dismembered and underwent mylonitic recrystallization during regional compression. The associated metabasic rocks in the shear zones have suffered extensive phyllonitization. This style and degree of deformation are not developed elsewhere in the immediate area which suggests that ductile shear zones in the Gairloch Schist Belt were preferentially initiated near and localized around the meta-exhalative horizons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00204290
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Epigenetic tourmalinite and arsenopyrite in the aureole of the Leinster batholith, SE Ireland (1988)
    Springer
    Mineralium deposita 23 (1988), S. 247-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1866
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Metasomatic tourmaline-quartz-hydromuscovite/phengite-fluorite rocks which locally contain in excess of 40% disseminated arsenopyrite and lesser amounts of pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, molybdenite, rutile, ilmenite and Fe-rich chlorite, occur near the village of Inistioge in SE Ireland. They are developed within Lower Palaeozoic phyllites close to the northwest margin of the southern termination of the Leinster batholith. The mineralization occurs within a belt of anomalously high (Caledonian) strain which was active during batholith-intrusion and which is essentially a product of heterogeneous shortening. Tourmaline constitutes up to 60% of the volume of the metasomatic material and although the lithology exhibits bed-parallel lamination, both detailed field and textural relationships demonstrate its origin to be epigenetic. The mineralization is spatially related to pegmatitic (K-feldspar, fluorite and muscovite-bearing) quartz veins with greisen alteration envelopes composed of coarse-grained muscovite, fluorite, apatite and tourmaline. The mineralized rocks were produced during alteration of aluminous metasediments by magmatic and/or meteoric fluids which were channelled through the high strain zone during cooling of the batholith.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00206403
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