ALBERT

Description: The Lena Delta in eastern Siberia is the largest Arctic delta. Its terrestrial surface is shaped by four geomorphologic units. The oldest unit is built of remnants of late Pleistocene Yedoma Ice Complex (IC) and its degradation features. The studied Yedoma cliff on Sobo Sise Island in the South-Eastern part of the delta ranges from the river level to about 28 m height and is about 1.7 km long. During a field campaign in 2018, the entire permafrost sequence of the Sobo Sise Yedoma cliff has been sampled in 0.5-m vertical intervals. The geochronological record of the Sobo Sise Yedoma spans the last 52 ka cal BP based on radiocarbon dating and age-height modelling. The sequence differentiates into three cryostratigraphic units that are MIS3 Yedoma IC (52–28 ka cal BP), MIS2 Yedoma IC (28–15 ka cal BP) and MIS1 Holocene cover (7–0 ka cal BP). The cryostratigraphic sequence is not continuous, but has chronological gaps at 36–32.5 ka cal BP, at 20.5–18 ka cal BP and at 12.5–9 cal ka BP. These gaps represent traces of past changes in permafrost deposition and/or erosion regimes and climatic conditions. The cryostratigraphic units of the Yedoma cliff are characterized by differing properties of their clastic, organic and ice components. All units are built of poorly sorted sandy silt but differ in prevalent grain-size fractions ranging from fine silt to middle sand. The organic matter (OM) content is highest in the thin MIS1 Holocene cover (TOC of 11.3±9.9 wt%, TN of 0.6±0.3 wt%), but still substantial in MIS3 Yedoma IC (TOC of 4.5±2.5 wt%, TN of 0.3±0.1 wt%) and in MIS2 Yedoma IC (TOC of 2.1±1.3 wt%, TN of 0.2±0.1 wt%). The presence of syngenetic ice wedges in all units and the high content of intrasedimentary ice amount to a total volumetric ice content of 88.4 vol%. The high ice content in combination with the exposition of the cliff towards the main river channel results in a very high susceptibility to thaw and thermo-erosion. The high mean cliff erosion rate of 10.3 m yr−1 (1975-2018) results in large OM quantities entering the Lena River (3.2±2.1 kt organic carbon per year, 0.3±0.1 kt nitrogen per year along the 1.7 km long Yedoma cliff). Ongoing fluvial dynamics and changing runoff regimes with extended ice-free seasons and warmer water will most likely maintain high permafrost cliff erosion rates in the future and further facilitate high fluxes of terrestrial fossil OM into the riverine and eventually marine ecosystems.

Description: The late Pleistocene ice-rich Yedoma permafrost is extremely sensitive to Arctic warming. Warming air temperatures, decreasing sea ice extent lead to an increasing degradation of the Yedoma permafrost and thus to a greater sediment input from coastal shorelines and river floodplains to the Laptev Sea. Thus, so far freeze-locked sediments and any potentially hazardous contaminants contained in them are entering Arctic waters and the biological food chain. Shallow (down to 〈2m) Arctic permafrost soil layers were found to include high levels of mercury (Hg) due to natural enrichment processes of environmentally available Hg (Schuster et al. 2018). However, opposed to seasonal thaw processes of the active layer and long-term gradual thaw through active layer deepening, abrupt thaw processes such as thermokarst, thermo-erosion, and coastal erosion are capable of mobilising permafrost-soils and stored contaminants from tens of meters depth within years to decades. In this study, we determined Hg concentrations from various deposits in Siberia’s deep permafrost sediments. We studied links between sediment properties and Hg enrichment in order to assess a first deep Hg inventory in late Pleistocene permafrost down to 36 m below surface. To do this, we used sediment profiles from seven sites representing different permafrost degradation states on Bykovsky Peninsula (northern Yakutian coast) and in the Yukechi Alas region (Central Yakutia). We analysed 41 samples for Hg content, total carbon, total nitrogen and organic carbon as well as grain size distribution, bulk density and mass specific magnetic susceptibility. Figure 1: (a) geographical overview and detailed location of the study site at Bykovsky Peninsula (b) and Yukechi Alas in Yakutia (c); (d) stratigraphical transect of the study sites and different states of degrading permafrost in Siberia. The numbers indicate the areas of interest in this study. 1) Talik in Yedoma (unfrozen), 2) late Pleistocene Yedoma (frozen), 3) talik in thermokarst (unfrozen), 4) refrozen drained lake basin = Alas (frozen), 5) talik in thermokarst close to sea (unfrozen), 6) talik below seawater flooded thermokarst basins (= lagoons) (unfrozen). We show that the deep sediments (to 30 meter below surface) are characterized by an Hg concentration of 9.72 ± 9.28 μg kg-1 and an correlation of Hg to organic carbon, total nitrogen, grain-size distribution and mass specific magnetic susceptibility. Hg concentrations are higher in the generally sandier sediment of the Bykovsky Peninsula than in the siltier sediment of the Yukechi Alas. In conclusion, we found that the deep permafrost sediments, frozen since tens of millennia, contain sizeable amounts of Hg. Even though the average amount of Hg is with 9.72 μg/kg below levels immediately critical for life and our median is 85 % less (Schuster et al. 2018) than found in Arctic topsoil outside Siberia. Even if the Hg concentrations are not particularly high compared to other sites, the permafrost’s huge spatial coverage results in a significant amount of Hg that can be introduce into nearby aquatic environments and food webs. As the next step, the consequences of old Hg re-entering the active biogeochemical cycles and food webs with ongoing Arctic warming remain unclear and need to be studied in more detail. References 1.Schuster, P. et al. Geophysical Research Letters, 2018, 45, 1463– 1471, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL075571

Description: Since 1994, permafrost deposits of the Siberian Yedoma region have been in the focus of the joint Russian-German scientific cooperation in terrestrial Polar research (Figure 1). These studies focused on cryostratigraphic, geochemical, geochronological, and paleontological characteristics at more than 25 individual study sites of the late Pleistocene Yedoma Ice Complex in Siberia and provided a detailed insight into the paleoenvironments and paleoclimate for the westernmost part of Beringia. The multidisciplinary investigations resulted in new ideas and discussions in the ongoing scientific debate on the origin of Yedoma Ice Complex and the main periglacial processes involved in its formation (1,2,3). The Yedoma Ice Complex is an ice-rich type of permafrost deposit widely distributed across Beringia. The Ice Complex aggradation is mainly controlled by the growth of syngenetic ice wedge polygons contributing up to 60 vol% of the entire formation. The clastic sedimentation of ice-oversaturated Yedoma deposits with considerable organic matter content is further controlled by local conditions such as source rocks and periglacial weathering processes, paleotopography, and temporary surface stabilization with autochthonous peat growth and soil formation. Key processes include alluvial, fluvial, and niveo-aeolian transport (4) as well as accumulation in ponding waters and continued in-situ frost weathering over millennial time-scales. Important post-depositional processes affecting Yedoma deposits are solifluction, cryoturbation, and pedogenesis. Major joint Russian-German field studies were conducted on Taymyr Peninsula (5,6,7,8,9,10,11), along the western and central Laptev Sea coasts (12,13,14,15,16,17,18), in the Lena Delta (19,20,21,22), on islands of the New Siberian Archipelago (23,24,25,26,27,28), and the adjacent mainland (29). Further study sites were conducted in the Kolyma Lowland (30), the Yana Highlands (31,32), in the foothills of the Verkhoyan Mountains (33,34,35,36), and in Central Yakutia (37). Comprehensive sampling and further analytical work included not only the Yedoma Ice Complex itself but also included its stratigraphic context of older underlying sequences and younger overlying deposits. The latter often are subaerial or subaquatic deposits associated with late-Glacial to Holocene thermokarst dynamics that led to Yedoma degradation during the deglacial and Holocene warming of these regions (38,39,40). Figure 1: Joint Russian-German fieldwork sites in NE Siberia labeled with the year of expedition. Besides geomorphological and cryolithological studies, extensive paleo-ecological investigations were carried out on zoological (41,42,43,44,45) and botanic fossils (46,47,48,49,50,51) to derive quantitative and qualitative reconstructions late Pleistocene Beringian environments and climate conditions. New methods in geochronology were also tested (52,53,54,55). In addition to the sedimentary components of the frozen deposits, segregated ground ice and in particular the large syngenetic ice wedges of Yedoma Ice Complex were also studied as geochemical and stable isotope archives of paleoclimate (56,57,58, 59,60,61,62). In addition, a range of remote sensing methods in combination with GIS analyses (63,64,65) and geophysical surveys (66) were used for large-scale analyses of landscape changes associated with Yedoma Ice Complex degradation (67,68,69). In the last few years, an additional important focus has been on using modern biogeochemical methods of organic matter analysis to characterize the frozen organic matter in Yedoma Ice Complex deposits and for permafrost carbon pool calculations (70, 71,72,73,74,75,76,77) as well as microbiological studies (78) and genetic studies on fossil DNA (79,80). The rich body of scientific data and literature produced in Russian-German co-authorship within the more than 25 years of joint research on Yedoma Ice Complex represents an important cornerstone for understanding the Late Quaternary evolution of Siberian Yedoma regions, its role in the Earth System, and its feedbacks with climate and ecosystems. References 1.Schirrmeister, L., Dietze, E., Matthes, H., Grosse, G., Strauss, J., Laboor, S., Ulrich, M., Kienast, F., and Wetterich, S. (2020) The genesis of Yedoma Ice Complex permafrost – grain-size endmember modeling analysis from Siberia and Alaska, E&G Quaternary Sci. J., 69, 33–53, doi: 10.5194/egqsj-69-33-2020. 2.Schirrmeister, L., Froese, D., Tumskoy, V., Grosse,G., Wetterich, S. (2013.) Yedoma: Late Pleistocene ice-rich syngenetic permafrost of Beringia. In: Elias S.A. (ed.) The Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science 2nd edition, vol. 3, pp. 542-552. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 3.Schirrmeister, L., Kunitsky, V.V., Grosse, G., Wetterich, S., Meyer, H., Schwamborn, G., Babiy, O., Derevyagin, A.Y., and Siegert, C.: Sedimentary characteristics and origin of the Late Pleistocene Ice Complex on North-East Siberian Arctic coastal lowlands and islands - a review. Quaternary International 241, 3-25, doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2010.04.004, 2011. 4.Kunitsky, V., Schirrmeister, L., Grosse, G., Kienast, F. (2002). Snow patches in nival landscapes and their role for the Ice Complex formation in the Laptev Sea coastal lowlands, Polarforschung, 70, 53-67, doi:10.2312/polarforschung.70.53. 5.Andreev, A. , Siegert, C. , Klimanov, V. A. , Derevyagin, A. Y. , Shilova, G. N. and Melles, M. (2002) Late Pleistocene and Holocene vegetation and climate changes in the Taymyr lowland, Northern Siberia Quaternary research, 57, pp. 138-150 . 6.Andreev, A. , Tarasov, P. E. , Siegert, C. , Ebel, T. , Klimanov, V. A. , Melles, M. , Bobrov, A. A. , Derevyagin, A. Y. , Lubinski, D. J. and Hubberten, H. W. (2003) Vegetation and climate changes on the northern Taymyr, Russia during the Upper Pleistocene and Holocene reconstructed from pollen records, Boreas, 32 (3), pp. 484-505 . 7.Chizhov, A. B. , Derevyagin, A. Y. , Simonov, E. F. , Hubberten, H. W. and Siegert, C. (1997) Isotopic composition of ground ice at the Labaz Lake region (Taymyr). Kriosfera Zemlii (Earth Cryoshere), 1, No 3, pp. 79-84 . (in Russian), 8.Derevyagin, A.Yu., Chizhov, A.B., Brezgunov, V.S., Siegert, C., Hubberten, H.-W., 1999.Isotopic composition of ice wedges of Cape Sabler (Lake Taymyr). Kriosfera Zemlii (Earth Cryosphere) 3/3, 41-49 (in Russian). 9.Kienast, F., Siegert, C., Dereviagin, A., Mai, H.D. Climatic implications of Late Quaternary plant macrofossil assemblages from the Taymyr Peninsula, Siberia, Global and Planetary Change, Volume 31, Issues 1–4, 265-281, 2001, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8181(01)00124-2. 10.Kienel, U. , Siegert, C. and Hahne, J. (1999) Late Quarternary paeloenvironmental reconstruction from a permafrost sequence (Northsiberian Lowland, SE Taymyr Peninsula) - a multidisciplinary case study, Boreas, 28 (1), pp. 181-193 . 11.Siegert C., Derevyagin A.Y., Shilova G.N., Hermichen WD., Hiller A. (1999) Paleoclimatic Indicators from Permafrost Sequences in the Eastern Taymyr Lowland. In: Kassens H. et al. (eds) Land-Ocean Systems in the Siberian Arctic. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. 12.Bobrov, A.A., Müller, S., Chizhikova, N.A., Schirrmeister, L., Andreev, A.A.(2009).Testate Amoebae in Late Quaternary Sediments of the Cape Mamontov Klyk (Yakutia), Biology Bulletin, 36(4), 363-372. 13.Schirrmeister, L., Grosse, G., Kunitsky, V., Magens, D., Meyer, H., Dereviagin, A., Kuznetsova, T., Andreev, A., Babiy, O., Kienast, F., Grigoriev, M., Overduin, P.P., and Preusser, F.: Periglacial landscape evolution and environmental changes of Arctic lowland areas for the last 60,000 years (Western Laptev Sea coast, Cape Mamontov Klyk), Polar Research, 27(2), 249-272, doi: 10.1111/j.1751-8369.2008.00067.x, 2008. 14.Winterfeld, M., Schirrmeister, L., Grigoriev, M., Kunitsky, V.V., Andreev, A., and Overduin, P.P.: Permafrost and Landscape Dynamics during the Late Pleistocene, Western Laptev Sea Shelf, Siberia, Boreas 40(4), 697–713, doi: 10.1111/j.1502-3885.2011.00203.x, 2011. 15.Siegert, C., Schirrmeister, L., and Babiy, O.: The sedimentological, mineralogical and geochemical composition of late Pleistocene deposits from the ice complex on the Bykovsky peninsula, northern Siberia, Polarforschung, 70, 2000, 3-11, doi: 10.2312/polarforschung.70.3, 2002. 16.Schirrmeister, L., Siegert, C., Kuznetsova, T., Kuzmina, S., Andreev, A.A., Kienast, F., Meyer, H., and Bobrov, A.A.: Paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic records from permafrost deposits in the Arctic region of Northern Siberia, Quaternary International, 89, 97-118, doi: 10.1016/S1040-6182(01)00083-0, 2002. 17.Schirrmeister, L., Siegert, C., Kunitzky, V.V., Grootes, P.M., and Erlenkeuser, H.: Late Quaternary ice-rich permafrost sequences as a paleoenvironmental archive for the Laptev Sea Region in northern Siberia, International Journal of Earth Sciences, 91, 154-167, doi: 10.1007/s005310100205, 2002. 18.Schirrmeister, L., Schwamborn, G., Overduin, P.P., Strauss, J., Fuchs, M.C., Grigoriev, M., Yakshina, I., Rethemeyer, J., Dietze, E., and Wetterich, S.: Yedoma Ice Complex of the Buor Khaya Peninsula (southern Laptev Sea), Biogeosciences 14, 1261-1283, doi: 10.5194/bg-14-1261-2017, 2017. 19.Schirrmeister, L., Kunitsky, V.V., Grosse, G., Schwamborn, G., Andreev, A.A., Meyer, H., Kuznetsova, T., Bobrov, A., and Oezen, D.: Late Quaternary history of the accumulation plain north of the Chekanovsky Ridge (Lena Delta, Russia) - a multidisciplinary approach, Polar Geography, 27(4), 277-319, doi: 10.1080/789610225, 2003. 20.Schirrmeister, L., Grosse, G. Schnelle, M., Fuchs, M., Krbetschek, M., Ulrich, M., Kunitsky, V., Grigoriev, M., Andreev, A. Kienast, F., Meyer, H., Klimova, I., Babiy, O., Bobrov, A., Wetterich, S., and Schwamborn, G.: Late Quaternary paleoenvironmental records from the western Lena Delta, Arctic Siberia, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 299, 175–196, doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.11.017, 2011. 21.Schwamborn, G., Rachold, V., and Grigoriev, M.N.: Late Quaternary sedimentation history of the Lena Delta, Quaternary International 89, 119–134, doi: 10.1016/S1040-6182(01)00084-2, 2002. 22.Wetterich, S., Kuzmina, S., Andreev, A.A., Kienast, F., Meyer, H., Schirrmeister, L., Kuznetsova, T., and Sierralta, M.: Palaeoenvironmental dynamics inferred from late Quaternary permafrost deposits on Kurungnakh Island, Lena Delta, Northeast Siberia, Russia, Quaternary Science Reviews, 27, 1523-1540, doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.04.007, 2008. 23.Andreev, A.A., Grosse, G., Schirrmeister, L., Kuzmina, S.A., Novenko, E.Yu., Bobrov, A.A., Tarasov, P. E., Kuznetsova, T.V., Krbetschek, M., Meyer, H., and Kunitsky, V.V.: Late Saalian and Eemian palaeoenvironmental history of the Bol'shoy Lyakhovsky Island (Laptev Sea region, Arctic Siberia), Boreas 33(4), 319-348, doi:10.1080/03009480410001974, 2004. 24.Andreev, A., Grosse, G., Schirrmeister, L., Kuznetsova, T.V., Kuzmina, S.A., Bobrov, A.A., Tarasov, P.E., Novenko, E.Yu., Meyer, H., Derevyagin, A.Yu., Kienast, F., Bryantseva, A., and Kunitsky, V.V.: Weichselian and Holocene palaeoenvironmental history of the Bol’shoy Lyakhovsky Island, New Siberian Archipelago, Arctic Siberia, Boreas 38(1), 72–110, doi: 10.1111/j.1502-3885.2008.00039.x, 2009. 25.Wetterich, S., Rudaya, N., Meyer, H., Opel, T., and Schirrmeister, L.: Last Glacial Maximum records in permafrost of the East Siberian Arctic, Quaternary Science Reviews 30, 3139-3151, doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.07.020, 2011. 26.Wetterich, S., Rudaya, N., Andreev, A.A., Opel, T., Schirrmeister, L., Meyer, H., and Tumskoy, V.: Ice Complex formation in arctic East Siberia during the MIS3 Interstadial, Quaternary Science Reviews 84: 39-55, doi:. 10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.11.009, 2014. 27.Wetterich, S.; Tumskoy:V.E., Rudaya, N., Kuznetsov, V., Maksimov, F., Opel T. , Meyer H., Andreev, A.A., Schirrmeister, L (2016) Ice Complex permafrost of MIS5 age in the Dmitry Laptev Strait coastal region (East Siberian Arctic). Quaternary Science Reviews, 147:298-31, doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.11.016. 28.Wetterich, S., Rudaya, N., Kuznetsov V., Maksimov, F., T. Opel, Meyer, H., Guenther, F., Bobrov, A., Raschke, E., Zimmermann, H., Strauss, J., Fuchs, M.C., Schirrmeister, L. (2019) Recurrent Ice Complex formation in arctic eastern Siberia since about 200 ka. Quaternary Research 92 (2); 530-548, doi.org/10.1017/qua.2019.6. 29.Wetterich, S., Schirrmeister, L., Andreev A. A., Pudenz, M., Plessen, B, Meyer, H., Kunitsky, V. V. (2009). Eemian and Late Glacial/Holocene palaeoenvironmental records from permafrost sequences at the Dmitry Laptev Strait (NE Siberia, Russia), Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 279: 73-95 doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.05.002. 30.Strauss, J., Schirrmeister, L., Wetterich, S., Borchers, A, and Davydov S.P.: Grain-size properties and organic-carbon stock of Yedoma Ice Complex permafrost from the Kolyma lowland, northeastern Siberia. GBC. 26: GB3003, doi: 10.1029/2011GB004104, 2012. 31.Ashastina, K., Schirrmeister, L., Fuchs M., and Kienast F.: Palaeoclimate characteristics in interior Siberia of MIS 6–2: first insights from the Batagay permafrost mega-thaw slump in the Yana Highlands, Clim. Past, 13, 795–818, doi: 10.5194/cp-13-795-2017, 2017. 32.Kunitsky, V.V., Syromyatnikov, I.I., Schirrmeister, L., Skachkov, Yu.B., Grosse, G., Wetterich, S., and Grigoriev, M.N.: Ice-rich permafrost and thermal denudation in the Kirgillyakh area, Kriosfera Zemli. 17(1), 56-68, 2013 (in Russian). 33.Popp, S., Diekmann,B., Meyer, H., Siegert, C.,Syromyatnikov, I., Hubberten, H.-W. Palaeoclimate Signals as Inferred from Stable-isotope Composition of Ground Ice in the Verkhoyansk Foreland, Central Yakutia. Permafrost and Periglac. Process. 17: 119–132 (2006) DOI: 10.1002/ppp.556 34.Popp, S., Belolyubsky, I., Lehmkuhl, F., Prokopiev, A., Siegert, C., Spektor, V., Stauch, G., Diekmann,B. Sediment provenance of late Quaternary morainic, fluvialand loess-like deposits in the southwestern VerkhoyanskMountains (eastern Siberia) and implications for regionalpalaeoenvironmental reconstructions. Geol. J.42: 477–497 (2007), DOI: 10.1002/gj.1088 35.Siegert, C. , Sergeyenko, A. I. and Schirrmeister, L. (2017) Late Quaternary Deposits of the Northern Verkhoyansk Mountains: Geochronology and Questions of their Genesis (in Russian), Bulletin of the Commission for Study of the Quaternary = БЮЛЛЕТЕНЬ КОМИССИИ ПО ИЗУЧЕНИЮ ЧЕТВЕРТИЧНОГО ПЕРИОДА, 75 , pp. 100-112 . 36.Siegert, C. , Stauch, G. , Lehmkuhl, F. , Sergeyenko, A. I. , Diekmann, B. , Popp, S. and Belolyubsky, I. N. (2007) Development of glaciation in the Verkhoyansk Range and its foreland during the Pleistocene: Results of new investigations., Regionalnaya Geologiya i Metallogeniya (Regional Geology and Metallogeny), No. 30-31(in Russian)., 222 . 37.Ulrich, M., Morgenstern, A., Günther, F., Reiss, D. Bauch, K. E., Hauber, E., Rössler, S. and Schirrmeister, L. (2010) Thermokarst in Siberian ice-rich permafrost: Comparison to asymmetric scalloped depressions on Mars, Journal of Geophysical Research, 115, E10009 . doi:10.1029/2010JE003640 , 38.Morgenstern, A. , Grosse, G. , Günther, F. , Fedorova, I. and Schirrmeister, L. (2011): Spatial analyses of thermokarst lakes and basins in Yedoma landscapes of the Lena Delta. The Cryosphere, 5(4), 849–867, doi:10.5194/tc-5-849-2011. 39.Morgenstern, A. , Ulrich, M. , Günther, F. , Roessler, S. , Fedorova, I. V. , Rudaya, N. A. , Wetterich, S. , Boike, J. and Schirrmeister, L. (2013). Evolution of thermokarst in East Siberian ice-rich permafrost: A case study, Geomorphology, 201 , 363-379. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.07.011 40.Biskaborn, B. , Herzschuh, U. , Bolshiyanov, D. Y. , Schwamborn, G. and Diekmann, B. (2013) Thermokarst Processes and Depositional Events in a Tundra Lake, Northeastern Siberia, Permafrost and Periglac. Process.24: 160–174 doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.1769, 41.Kuznetsova, T. V. , Sulerzhitsky, L. D. , Andreev, A. , Siegert, C. , Schirrmeister, L. and Hubberten, H. W. (2003) Influence of Late Quaternary paleoenvironmental conditions on the distribution of mammals fauna in the Laptev Sea region, Occasional Papers in Earth Sciences, 5 , pp. 58-60 . 42.Kuznetsova T.V., Tumskoy V.E., Schirrmeister L., Wetterich S., (2019.) Paleozoological characteristics of the Late Neo-Pleistocene - Holocene sediments of Bykovsky Peninsula, Northern Yakutia (Палеозоологическая характеристика поздненеоплейстоценовых – голоценовых отложений Быковского Полуострова (Северная Якутия). Zoological Journal 98(11), 1268-1290. Special issue in honor of Andrey Sher. (in Russian) doi: 10.1134/S0044513419110102. 43.Bobrov, A. A. , Andreev, A. , Schirrmeister, L. and Siegert, C. (2004) Testate amoebae (Protozoa: Testacea) as bioindicators in the Late Quaternary deposits of the Bykovsky Peninsula, Laptev Sea, Russia, Palaeogeography palaeoclimatology palaeoecology, 209 , pp. 165-181 . doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PALAEO.2004.02.012 44.Wetterich, S., Schirrmeister, L., Pietrzeniuk, E. (2005). Freshwater ostracodes in Quaternary permafrost deposits from the Siberian Arctic, Journal of Paleolimnology, 34, 363-376. doi:10.1007/s10933-005-5801-y 45.Müller, S., Bobrov, A. A., Schirrmeister, L., Andreev, A. A., Tarasov, P. E. (2009). Testate amoebae record from the Laptev Sea coast and its implication for the reconstruction of Late Pleistocene and Holocene environments in the Arctic Siberia, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 271(3-4), 301-315. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.11.003 46.Andreev, A.A., Schirrmeister, L., Siegert, C., Bobrov, A.A., Demske, D., Seiffert, M., Hubberten, H.-W. (2002). 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