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  • 1
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    Sustainability, Vol. 8, Pages 666: Assessing the Impacts of Chinese Sustainable Ground Transportation on the Dynamics of Urban Growth: A Case Study of the Hangzhou Bay Bridge (2016)
    MDPI Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-14
    Description: Although China has promoted the construction of Chinese Sustainable Ground Transportation (CSGT) to guide sustainable development, it may create substantial challenges, such as rapid urban growth and land limitations. This research assessed the effects of the Hangzhou Bay Bridge on impervious surface growth in Cixi County, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China. Changes in impervious surfaces were mapped based on Landsat images from 1995, 2002, and 2009 using a combination of multiple endmember spectral mixture analysis (MESMA) and landscape metrics. The results indicated that the area and density of impervious surfaces increased significantly during construction of the Hangzhou Bay Bridge (2002–2009). Additionally, the bridge and connected road networks promoted urban development along major roads, resulting in compact growth patterns of impervious surfaces in urbanized regions. Moreover, the Hangzhou Bay Bridge promoted the expansion and densification of impervious surfaces in Hangzhou Bay District, which surrounds the bridge. The bridge also accelerated socioeconomic growth in the area, promoting rapid urban growth in Cixi County between 2002 and 2009. Overall, the Hangzhou Bay Bridge is an important driver of urban growth in Cixi County, and policy suggestions for sustainable urban growth should be adopted in the future.
    Electronic ISSN: 2071-1050
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by MDPI Publishing
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  • 2
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    Energies, Vol. 8, Pages 13641-13659: Crisscross Optimization Algorithm and Monte Carlo Simulation for Solving Optimal Distributed Generation Allocation Problem (2015)
    MDPI Publishing
    In: Energies
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-12-02
    Description: Distributed generation (DG) systems are integral parts in future distribution networks. In this paper, a novel approach integrating crisscross optimization algorithm and Monte Carlo simulation (CSO-MCS) is implemented to solve the optimal DG allocation (ODGA) problem. The feature of applying CSO to address the ODGA problem lies in three interacting operators, namely horizontal crossover, vertical crossover and competitive operator. The horizontal crossover can search new solutions in a hypercube space with a larger probability while in the periphery of each hypercube with a decreasing probability. The vertical crossover can effectively facilitate those stagnant dimensions of a population to escape from premature convergence. The competitive operator allows the crisscross search to always maintain in a historical best position to quicken the converge rate. It is the combination of the double search strategies and competitive mechanism that enables CSO significant advantage in convergence speed and accuracy. Moreover, to deal with system uncertainties such as the output power of wind turbine and photovoltaic generators, an MCS-based method is adopted to solve the probabilistic power flow. The effectiveness of the CSO-MCS method is validated on the typical 33-bus and 69-bus test system, and results substantiate the suitability of CSO-MCS for multi-objective ODGA problem.
    Electronic ISSN: 1996-1073
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by MDPI Publishing
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  • 3
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    Sensors, Vol. 14, Pages 3130-3155: Incremental Structured Dictionary Learning for Video Sensor-Based Object Tracking (2014)
    MDPI Publishing
    In: Sensors
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-02-18
    Description: To tackle robust object tracking for video sensor-based applications, an online discriminative algorithm based on incremental discriminative structured dictionary learning (IDSDL-VT) is presented. In our framework, a discriminative dictionary combining both positive, negative and trivial patches is designed to sparsely represent the overlapped target patches. Then, a local update (LU) strategy is proposed for sparse coefficient learning. To formulate the training and classification process, a multiple linear classifier group based on a K-combined voting (KCV) function is proposed. As the dictionary evolves, the models are also trained to timely adapt the target appearance variation. Qualitative and quantitative evaluations on challenging image sequences compared with state-of-the-art algorithms demonstrate that the proposed tracking algorithm achieves a more favorable performance. We also illustrate its relay application in visual sensor networks.
    Electronic ISSN: 1424-8220
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Published by MDPI Publishing
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  • 4
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    Energies, Vol. 9, Pages 394: Numerical Study of Solidification in a Plate Heat Exchange Device with a Zigzag Configuration Containing Multiple Phase-Change-Materials (2016)
    MDPI Publishing
    In: Energies
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-05-25
    Description: Latent heat thermal energy storage (TES) plays an important role in the advocation of TES in contrast to sensible energy storage because of the large storage energy densities per unit mass/volume possible at a nearly constant thermal energy. In the current study, a heat exchange device with a zigzag configuration containing multiple phase-change-materials (m-PCMs) was considered, and an experimental system was built to validate the model for a single PCM. A two-dimensional numerical model was developed using the ANSYS Fluent 14.0 software program. The energy fractions method was put forward to calculate the average Ste number and the influence of Re and Ste numbers on the discharge process were studied. The influence of phase change temperature among m-PCMs on the solidification process has also been studied. A new boundary condition was defined to determine the combined effect of the Re and Ste numbers on the discharging process. The modelling results show that for a given input power, the Ste (or Re) number has a significant impact on the discharging process; however, the period value of inlet velocity has almost no impact on it. Besides, the zigzag plate with m-PCMs has a good impact on the temperature shock as “filter action” in the discharging process.
    Electronic ISSN: 1996-1073
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by MDPI Publishing
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  • 5
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    IJERPH, Vol. 13, Pages 222: Assessment of the Casualty Risk of Multiple Meteorological Hazards in China (2016)
    MDPI Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-02-18
    Description: A study of the frequency, intensity, and risk of extreme climatic events or natural hazards is important for assessing the impacts of climate change. Many models have been developed to assess the risk of multiple hazards, however, most of the existing approaches can only model the relative levels of risk. This paper reports the development of a method for the quantitative assessment of the risk of multiple hazards based on information diffusion. This method was used to assess the risks of loss of human lives from 11 types of meteorological hazards in China at the prefectural and provincial levels. Risk curves of multiple hazards were obtained for each province and the risks of 10-year, 20-year, 50-year, and 100-year return periods were mapped. The results show that the provinces (municipalities, autonomous regions) in southeastern China are at higher risk of multiple meteorological hazards as a result of their geographical location and topography. The results of this study can be used as references for the management of meteorological disasters in China. The model can be used to quantitatively calculate the risks of casualty, direct economic losses, building collapse, and agricultural losses for any hazards at different spatial scales.
    Print ISSN: 1661-7827
    Electronic ISSN: 1660-4601
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Published by MDPI Publishing
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  • 6
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    Energies, Vol. 11, Pages 2313: Mechanism Analysis of Roadway Rockbursts Induced by Dynamic Mining Loading and Its Application (2018)
    MDPI Publishing
    In: Energies
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-09-03
    Description: Energies, Vol. 11, Pages 2313: Mechanism Analysis of Roadway Rockbursts Induced by Dynamic Mining Loading and Its Application Energies doi: 10.3390/en11092313 Authors: Zheng-yi Wang Lin-ming Dou Gui-feng Wang Roadway rockbursts seriously restrict the safety production of coal mines; however, the interaction between dynamic loads and roadway surrounding rocks has not been fully considered in existing studies. A dynamic failure analysis model of anchoring supporting structures was established to analyze dynamic effects of stress waves. Taking a rockburst in LW402103 of the Hujiahe coal mine as the case, the theoretical model was well applied and verified. The static cumulative resistance Qs (210.5 kN) which was incurred by deformation of rocks provided the basis (81.93% in the overall real-time resistance Q) of dynamic failures. However, the additional impact resistance Qd (46.43 kN) brought about by the energy release in the failure process of elastic zones triggered impact failures. As a result, under conditions that the overall real-time resistance Q (256.93 kN) exceeded the ultimate resistance [Q] (250.8 kN), the dynamic failure of supports occurred. The in situ application was implemented by taking pressure-relief measures and parameter optimizations of roadway supports, which achieved an effective prevention of rockbursts.
    Electronic ISSN: 1996-1073
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by MDPI Publishing
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  • 7
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    Sensors, Vol. 18, Pages 2192: Investigation of A Slow-Light Enhanced Near-Infrared Absorption Spectroscopic Gas Sensor, Based on Hollow-Core Photonic Band-Gap Fiber (2018)
    MDPI Publishing
    In: Sensors
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-07-08
    Description: Sensors, Vol. 18, Pages 2192: Investigation of A Slow-Light Enhanced Near-Infrared Absorption Spectroscopic Gas Sensor, Based on Hollow-Core Photonic Band-Gap Fiber Sensors doi: 10.3390/s18072192 Authors: Zhi-Fa Wu Chuan-Tao Zheng Zhi-Wei Liu Dan Yao Wen-Xue Zheng Yi-Ding Wang Fei Wang Da-Ming Zhang Generic modeling and analysis of a slow-light enhanced absorption spectroscopic gas sensor was proposed, using a mode-tuned, hollow-core, photonic band-gap fiber (HC-PBF) as an absorption gas cell. Mode characteristics of the un-infiltrated and infiltrated HC-PBF and gas absorption enhancement of the infiltrated HC-PBF were analyzed. A general rule of microfluidic parameters for targeting different gas species in the near-infrared was obtained. Ammonia (NH3) was used as an example to explore the effects of slow light on gas detection. The second harmonic (2f) signal and Allan deviation were theoretically investigated based on the derived formulations.
    Electronic ISSN: 1424-8220
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Published by MDPI Publishing
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  • 8
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    Sustainability, Vol. 10, Pages 857: Mapping Ecosystem Service Bundles to Detect Distinct Types of Multifunctionality within the Diverse Landscape of the Yangtze River Basin, China (2018)
    MDPI Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-19
    Description: Sustainability, Vol. 10, Pages 857: Mapping Ecosystem Service Bundles to Detect Distinct Types of Multifunctionality within the Diverse Landscape of the Yangtze River Basin, China Sustainability doi: 10.3390/su10030857 Authors: Lingqiao Kong Hua Zheng Yi Xiao Zhiyun Ouyang Cong Li Jingjing Zhang Binbin Huang The tradeoffs and synergies of ecosystem services are widely discussed and recognized. However, explicit information for understanding and managing the complex relationships of multiple ecosystem services at regional scales is still lacking, which often leads to the degradation of important ecosystem services due to one ecosystem service being enhanced over another. We assessed the biodiversity and the production of nine ESs (ecosystem services) across 779 counties in the Yangtze River Basin, the largest basin in China. Then, we mapped the distribution of ES for each county and used correlations and “partitioning around medoids” clustering analysis to assess the existence of ES bundles. We found five distinct types of bundles of ecosystem services spatially agglomerated in the landscape, which could be mainly explained by land use, slope and altitude gradients. Our results also show landscape-scale tradeoffs between provisioning and almost all regulating services (and biodiversity), and synergies among almost all regulating services (and biodiversity). Mapping ecosystem service bundles can identify areas in a landscape where ecosystem management has produced exceptionally desirable or undesirable sets of ecosystem services, and can also provide explicit, tailored information on landscape planning for ecosystem service conservation and the design of payment policies for ecosystem services within diverse landscapes at watershed scales.
    Electronic ISSN: 2071-1050
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by MDPI Publishing
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