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  • 1
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    Phytoplankton Blooms, Red Tides and Mucilaginous Aggregates in the Urban Thessaloniki Bay, Eastern Mediterranean (2019)
    MDPI
    In:  Diversity, 11 (8). Art.Nr. 136.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-31
    Description: We investigated the plankton community composition and abundance in the urban marine environment of Thessaloniki Bay. We collected water samples weekly from March 2017 to February 2018 at the coastal front of Thessaloniki city center and monthly samples from three other inshore sites along the urban front of the bay. During the study period, conspicuous and successive phytoplankton blooms, dominated by known mucilage-producing diatoms alternated with red tide events formed by the dinoflagellates Noctiluca scintillans and Spatulodinium pseudonoctiluca, and an extensive mucilage aggregate phenomenon, which appeared in late June 2017. At least 11 known harmful algae were identified throughout the study, with the increase in the abundance of the known harmful dinoflagellate Dinophysis cf. acuminata occurring in October and November 2017. Finally, a red tide caused by the photosynthetic ciliate Mesodinium rubrum on December 2017 was conspicuous throughout the sampling sites. The above-mentioned harmful blooms and red tides were linked to high nutrient concentrations and eutrophication. This paper provides an overview of eutrophication impacts on the response of the unicellular eukaryotic plankton organisms and their impact on water quality and ecosystem services
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 2
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    Changes in Heterotrophic Picoplankton Community Structure after Induction of a Phytoplankton Bloom under Different Light Regimes (2019)
    MDPI
    In:  Diversity, 11 (10). Art.Nr. 195.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-31
    Description: Bacterial and archaeal diversity and succession were studied during a mesocosm experiment that investigated whether changing light regimes could affect the onset of phytoplankton blooms. For this, 454-pyrosequencing of the bacterial V1-V3 and archaeal V3-V9 16S rRNA regions was performed in samples collected from four mesocosms receiving different light irradiances at the beginning and the end of the experiment and during phytoplankton growth. In total, 46 bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) with ≥1% relative abundance occurred (22-34 OTUs per mesocosm). OTUs were affiliated mainly with Rhodobacteraceae, Flavobacteriaceae and Alteromonadaceae. The four mesocosms shared 11 abundant OTUs. Dominance increased at the beginning of phytoplankton growth in all treatments and decreased thereafter. Maximum dominance was found in the mesocosms with high irradiances. Overall, specific bacterial OTUs had different responses in terms of relative abundance under in situ and high light intensities, and an early phytoplankton bloom resulted in different bacterial community structures both at high (family) and low (OTU) taxonomic levels. Thus, bacterial community structure and succession are affected by light regime, both directly and indirectly, which may have implications for an ecosystem's response to environmental changes.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 3
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    Variability and Community Composition of Marine Unicellular Eukaryote Assemblages in a Eutrophic Mediterranean Urban Coastal Area with Marked Plankton Blooms and Red Tides (2020)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-08
    Description: The Thessaloniki Bay is a eutrophic coastal area which has been characterized in recent years by frequent and intense phytoplankton blooms and red tides. The aim of the study was to investigate the underexplored diversity of marine unicellular eukaryotes in four different sampling sites in Thessaloniki Bay during a year of plankton blooms, red tides, and mucilage aggregates. High-Throughput Sequencing (HTS) was applied in extracted DNA from weekly water samples targeting the 18S rRNA gene. In almost all samples, phytoplankton blooms and/or red tides and mucilage aggregates were observed. The metabarcoding analysis has detected the known unicellular eukaryotic groups frequently observed in the Bay, dominated by Bacillariophyta and Dinoflagellata, and revealed taxonomic groups previously undetected in the study area (MALVs, MAST, and Cercozoa). The dominant OTUs were closely related to species known to participate in red tides, harmful blooms, and mucilage aggregates. Other OTUs, present also during the blooms in low abundance (number of reads), were closely related to known harmful species, suggesting the occurrence of rare taxa with potential negative impacts on human health not detectable with classical microscopy. Overall, the unicellular eukaryote assemblages showed temporal patterns rather than small-scale spatial separation responding to the variability of physical and chemical factors.
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  • 4
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    Effects of Harmful Blooms of Large-Sized and Colonial Cyanobacteria on Aquatic Food Webs (2020)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-08
    Description: Cyanobacterial blooms are the most important and best studied type of harmful algal blooms in fresh waters and brackish coastal seas. We here review how and to which extent they resist grazing by zooplankton, how zooplankton responds to cyanobacterial blooms and how these effects are further transmitted to fish. Size, toxicity and poor nutritional value are widespread mechanisms of grazing defense by cyanobacteria. In some cases, defenses are inducible, in some they are obligate. However, to some extent zooplankton overcome grazing resistance, partly after evolutionary adaptation. Cyanotoxins are also harmful to fish and may cause fish kills. However, some fish species feed on Cyanobacteria, are able to reduce their abundance, and grow on a cyanobacterial diet. While reduced edibility for crustacean zooplankton tends to elongate the food chain from primary producers to fish, direct feeding by fish tends to shorten it. The few available comparative studies relating fish yield to nutrients or phytoplankton provide no indication that cyanobacteria should reduce the ratio fish production: primary production.
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  • 5
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    Composition and Dominance of Edible and Inedible Phytoplankton Predict Responses of Baltic Sea Summer Communities to Elevated Temperature and CO2 (2021)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Previous studies with Baltic Sea phytoplankton combining elevated seawater temperature with CO2 revealed the importance of size trait‐based analyses, in particular dividing the plankton into edible (〉5 and 〈100 μm) and inedible ([removed]100 μm) size classes for mesozoopankton grazers. While the edible phytoplankton responded predominantly negative to warming and the inedible group stayed unaffected or increased, independent from edibility most phytoplankton groups gained from CO2. Because the ratio between edible and inedible taxa changes profoundly over seasons, we investigated if community responses can be predicted according to the prevailing composition of edible and inedible groups. We experimentally explored the combined effects of elevated temperatures and CO2 concentrations on a late‐summer Baltic Sea community. Total phytoplankton significantly increased in response to elevated CO2 in particular in combination with temperature, driven by a significant gain of the inedible 〈5 μm fraction and large filamentous cyanobacteria. Large flagellates disappeared. The edible group was low as usual in summer and decreased with both factors due to enhanced copepod grazing and overall decline of small flagellates. Our results emphasize that the responses of summer communities are complex, but can be predicted by the composition and dominance of size classes and groups.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 6
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    Grazing Induced Shifts in Phytoplankton Cell Size Explain the Community Response to Nutrient Supply (2021)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Phytoplankton cell size is important for a multitude of functional traits such as growth rates, storage capabilities, and resistance to grazing. Because these response traits are correlated, selective effects on mean community cell size of one environmental factor should impact the ability of phytoplankton to cope with other factors. Here, we experimentally apply expectations on the functional importance of phytoplankton cell size to the community level. We used a natural marine plankton community, and first altered the community’s cell size structure by exposing it to six different grazer densities. The size-shifted communities were then treated with a saturated nutrient pulse to test how the changes in community size structure influenced the mean community growth rate in the short-term (day 1–3) and nutrient storage capacity in the postbloom phase. Copepod grazing reduced the medium-sized phytoplankton and increased the share of the smallest (〈10 µm3 ) and the largest (〉100,000 µm3 ). Communities composed of on average small cells grew faster in response to the nutrient pulse, and thus confirmed the previously suggested growth advantage of small cells for the community level. In contrast, larger phytoplankton showed better storage capabilities, reflected in a slower post-bloom decline of communities that were on average composed of larger cells. Our findings underline that the easily measurable mean cell size of a taxonomically complex phytoplankton community can be used as an indicator trait to predict phytoplankton responses to sequential environmental changes.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 7
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    Harmful Blooms of Cyanobacteria: Adding Complexity to a Well-Studied Topic (2021)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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