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  • 1
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    Sustainability, Vol. 11, Pages 1536: Effects of Yak Dung Biomass Black Carbon on the Soil Physicochemical Properties of the Northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (2019)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: The physicochemical properties of soils might be affected by the addition of biomass black carbon, a special black carbon produced by incomplete combustion of biomass. Therefore, this study performed experiments to explore the effects of yak dung biomass black carbon (YBC) on physicochemical properties of soils in the northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Three YBCs (pyrolyzed at 300, 500, and 700 °C) were separately added into four typical soils with three addition amounts (1%, 5%, and 10%). Changes of soil texture, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), cation exchange capacity (CEC), CHN contents, morphologies, functional groups, and mineral constituents of soils were comparatively studied. The results showed that addition of YBCs affected physicochemical properties of soils. Soil pH, EC, CEC, and carbon/nitrogen content were positively related with addition amount of YBCs. YBC particles were unevenly distributed among soil particles and positively related with addition amount. Addition of YBCs did not change texture, functional groups, and mineral constituents of soils. These results indicated that addition of YBC would be beneficial to stability of the soil ecosystem and sustainability of the northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
    Electronic ISSN: 2071-1050
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by MDPI
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  • 2
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    Sustainability, Vol. 11, Pages 2071: Modeling the Unobserved Heterogeneity in E-bike Collision Severity Using Full Bayesian Random Parameters Multinomial Logit Regression (2019)
    MDPI
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Understanding the risk factors of e-bike collisions can improve e-bike riders’ safety awareness and help traffic professionals to develop effective countermeasures. This study investigates risk factors that significantly contribute to the severity of e-bike collisions. Two months of e-bike collision data were collected in the city of Ningbo, China. A random parameters multinomial logit regression (RP-MNL) is proposed to account for the unobserved heterogeneity across observations. A fixed parameters multinomial logit regression (FP-MNL) is estimated and compared with the RP-MNL under the Bayesian framework. The full Bayesian approach based on Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation is employed to estimate the model parameters. Both parameter estimates and odds ratio (OR) are used to interpret the impact of risk factors on the severity of e-bike collisions. The model comparison results show that RP-MNL outperforms FP-MNL, indicating that accommodating the unobserved heterogeneity across observations could improve the model fit. The model estimation results show that age, gender, e-bike behavior, license plate, bicycle type, location, and speed limit are statistically significant and associated with the severity of e-bike collisions. Furthermore, four risk factors, i.e., gender, e-bike behavior, bicycle type, and speed limit, are found to have heterogeneous effects on severity of e-bike collisions, appearing in the form of random parameters in the statistical model.
    Electronic ISSN: 2071-1050
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by MDPI
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  • 3
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    IJERPH, Vol. 16, Pages 2540: Exploring the Effect of Driving Factors on Traffic Crash Risk among Intoxicated Drivers: A Case Study in Wujiang (2019)
    MDPI
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Intoxicated driving is a threat to both drivers and other road users. Exploring the association between intoxicated driving factors and traffic crashes is essential for taking effective countermeasures. Most previous works have studied the relation between intoxicated driving and traffic crash based on some large-sized cities. The current study aims to evaluate the effect of driving factors on traffic crashes among intoxicated drivers in a small-sized city in China. Descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression analysis are performed to guide the study, and the data (N = 1010) for the period 2016–2017 in Wujiang (i.e., a small-sized city in China) are employed as the target samples. The results demonstrate age, years of driving experience, road position, week, hour and blood alcohol concentration (BAC) are associated with traffic crashes in Wujiang. Specifically, the age of “18–25”, the years of driving experience of “≤2”, the “road intersection”, the “weekend”, the period of “0:00–6:59” and the BAC of “above 150 mg/100 mL” are more likely to cause traffic crashes among intoxicated drivers. The findings can be referred to make some targeted policies or measures to relieve Wujiang’s intoxicated driving situation and reduce the number of crashes caused by intoxicated driving.
    Print ISSN: 1661-7827
    Electronic ISSN: 1660-4601
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Published by MDPI
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  • 4
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    Mathematics, Vol. 7, Pages 201: Further Results on the Resistance-Harary Index of Unicyclic Graphs (2019)
    MDPI
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: The Resistance-Harary index of a connected graph G is defined as R H ( G ) = ∑ { u , v } ⊆ V ( G ) 1 r ( u , v ) , where r ( u , v ) is the resistance distance between vertices u and v in G. A graph G is called a unicyclic graph if it contains exactly one cycle and a fully loaded unicyclic graph is a unicyclic graph that no vertex with degree less than three in its unique cycle. Let U ( n ) and U ( n ) be the set of unicyclic graphs and fully loaded unicyclic graphs of order n, respectively. In this paper, we determine the graphs of U ( n ) with second-largest Resistance-Harary index and determine the graphs of U ( n ) with largest Resistance-Harary index.
    Electronic ISSN: 2227-7390
    Topics: Mathematics
    Published by MDPI
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  • 5
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    Sustainability, Vol. 11, Pages 1097: A Pick-Up Points Recommendation System for Ridesourcing Service (2019)
    MDPI
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: In the ridesourcing industry, drivers are often unable to quickly and accurately locate the waiting position of riders, but patrol or wait on the road, which will seriously affect the management of the road traffic order. It may be a good idea to provide an online virtual site for the taxi to facilitate convergence of the rider and driver. The concept of recommended pick-up point is presented in this paper. At present, ridesourcing service platforms on the market have similar functions, but they do not take into account whether the setting of the pick-up point is compatible with the actual traffic environment, resulting in some problems. We have invented a method to select the recommended pick-up point by integrating various traffic influencing factors, so as to ensure that the setting of the pick-up point is compatible with the actual traffic situation, which consists of three steps. Firstly, we studied the rider’s maximum tolerable waiting time and defined an attractive walking range for riders based on the huge amount of data. In the second step, we analyzed spatial distribution characteristics of the taxi demand hotspot and determined candidate pick-up locations. Lastly, the fuzzy analytic hierarchy method was used to select the recommended pick-up point that is most conducive to traffic management from multiple candidate points. A case study was conducted to validate the proposed approach and experimental evidence showed that recommended results based on the approach are in line with the actual situation of the road, and conducive to road traffic management. This recommendation method is based on real ridesourcing orders data.
    Electronic ISSN: 2071-1050
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by MDPI
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  • 6
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    Sustainability, Vol. 11, Pages 160: Traffic Crash Evolution Characteristic Analysis and Spatiotemporal Hotspot Identification of Urban Road Intersections (2018)
    MDPI
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: Road traffic safety is a key concern of transport management as it has severely restricted Chinese economic and social development. With the objective to prevent and reduce road traffic crashes, this study proposes a comprehensive spatiotemporal analysis method that integrates the time-space cube analysis, spatial autocorrelation analysis, and emerging hot spot analysis for exploring the traffic crash evolution characteristics and identifying crash hot spots. These analyses are all conducted by the corresponding toolbox of ArcGIS 10.5. Then, a small sized-city of China (i.e., Wujiang) is selected as the case study, and the historical traffic crash data occurring at the road intersections of Wujiang for the year 2016 are analyzed by the proposed method. The analysis process identifies the high incidence locations of traffic crashes, then presents the spatial change trend and statistical significance of the crash locations. Finally, different types of crash hotspots, as well as their evolution patterns over time, are determined. The results illustrate that the traffic crash hotspots of road intersections are primarily distributed in the Northeast area of Wujiang’s major urban area, while the crash cold spots are concentrated in the Southwest of Wujiang, which points out the direction for crash prevention. In addition, the finding has a potential engineering application value, and it is of great significance to the sustainable development of Wujiang.
    Electronic ISSN: 2071-1050
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by MDPI
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  • 7
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    Materials, Vol. 11, Pages 2102: Bipolar Analog Memristors as Artificial Synapses for Neuromorphic Computing (2018)
    MDPI
    In: Materials
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: Synaptic devices with bipolar analog resistive switching behavior are the building blocks for memristor-based neuromorphic computing. In this work, a fully complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS)-compatible, forming-free, and non-filamentary memristive device (Pd/Al2O3/TaOx/Ta) with bipolar analog switching behavior is reported as an artificial synapse for neuromorphic computing. Synaptic functions, including long-term potentiation/depression, paired-pulse facilitation (PPF), and spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP), are implemented based on this device; the switching energy is around 50 pJ per spike. Furthermore, for applications in artificial neural networks (ANN), determined target conductance states with little deviation (〈1%) can be obtained with random initial states. However, the device shows non-linear conductance change characteristics, and a nearly linear conductance change behavior is obtained by optimizing the training scheme. Based on these results, the device is a promising emulator for biology synapses, which could be of great benefit to memristor-based neuromorphic computing.
    Electronic ISSN: 1996-1944
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Published by MDPI
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  • 8
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    Sensors, Vol. 19, Pages 1092: Locating Hazardous Chemical Leakage Source Based on Cooperative Moving and Fixing Sensors (2019)
    MDPI
    In: Sensors
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: In dealing with sudden hazardous chemical leakage accidents, the key to solving the evacuation and transfer of personnel and important property is to determine the location of the leakage source and the information of the source strength to gauge the scope of the impact of leakage. The particle swarm optimization algorithm with an adaptive mutation factor is applied to the inverse calculation of leakage source strength to obtain the leakage source information, and the leakage source location problem is transformed into an optimization problem. The mobile sensor is then introduced into the fixed sensor network. The mobile sensor moving strategy based on an extended Kalman filter is proposed. The estimated value of the previous moment and the current time are used to update the estimation of the state variable, and then the mobile strategy is planned. The interference of the random error of the optimization algorithm on the path planning of the mobile sensor is reduced by introducing the optimized result memory and, thus, location efficiency is improved. Simulation results showed that the proposed method, which combines mobile with fixed sensors, greatly expanded the monitoring function of the network, reduced the number of fixed sensors, and enhanced the positioning accuracy.
    Electronic ISSN: 1424-8220
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Published by MDPI
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  • 9
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    Genes, Vol. 10, Pages 338: Diversification of Transposable Elements in Arthropods and Its Impact on Genome Evolution (2019)
    MDPI
    In: Genes
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Transposable elements (TEs) are ubiquitous in arthropods. However, analyses of large-scale and long-term coevolution between TEs and host genomes remain scarce in arthropods. Here, we choose 14 representative Arthropoda species from eight orders spanning more than 500 million years of evolution. By developing an unbiased TE annotation pipeline, we obtained 87 to 2266 TE reference sequences in a species, which is a considerable improvement compared to the reference TEs previously annotated in Repbase. We find that TE loads are diversified among species and were previously underestimated. The highly species- and time-specific expansions and contractions, and intraspecific sequence diversification are the leading driver of long terminal repeat (LTR) dynamics in Lepidoptera. Terminal inverted repeats (TIRs) proliferated substantially in five species with large genomes. A phylogenetic comparison reveals that the loads of multiple TE subfamilies are positively correlated with genome sizes. We also identified a few horizontally transferred TE candidates across nine species. In addition, we set up the Arthropod Transposable Elements database (ArTEdb) to provide TE references and annotations. Collectively, our results provide high-quality TE references and uncover that TE loads and expansion histories vary greatly among arthropods, which implies that TEs are an important driving force shaping the evolution of genomes through gain and loss.
    Electronic ISSN: 2073-4425
    Topics: Biology
    Published by MDPI
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