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  • 1
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    IJERPH, Vol. 16, Pages 2764: How to Obtain a Reliable Estimate of Occupational Exposure? Review and Discussion of Models’ Reliability (2019)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Evaluation and validation studies of quantitative exposure models for occupational exposure assessment are still scarce and generally only consider a limited number of exposure scenarios. The aim of this review was to report the current state of knowledge of models’ reliability in terms of precision, accuracy, and robustness. A systematic review was performed through searches of major scientific databases (Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed), concerning reliability of Tier1 (“ECETOC TRA”-European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals Targeted Risk Assessment, MEASE, and EMKG-Expo-Tool) and Tier2 models (STOFFENMANAGER® and “ART”-Advanced Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) Tool). Forty-five studies were identified, and we report the complete information concerning model performance in different exposure scenarios, as well as between-user reliability. Different studies describe the ECETOC TRA model as insufficient conservative to be a Tier1 model, in different exposure scenarios. Contrariwise, MEASE and EMKG-Expo-Tool seem to be conservative enough, even if these models have not been deeply evaluated. STOFFENMANAGER® resulted the most balanced and robust model. Finally, ART was generally found to be the most accurate and precise model, with a medium level of conservatism. Overall, the results showed that no complete evaluation of the models has been conducted, suggesting the need for correct and harmonized validation of these tools.
    Print ISSN: 1661-7827
    Electronic ISSN: 1660-4601
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Published by MDPI
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  • 2
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    Atmosphere, Vol. 10, Pages 57: VOCs Measurements in Residential Buildings: Quantification via Thermal Desorption and Assessment of Indoor Concentrations in a Case-Study (2019)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) represent one of the most important categories of pollutants, influencing the air quality and human health and well-being in indoor environments. In the present study, 12 selected VOCs were sampled using Tenax TA tubes and analyzed by thermal desorption combined with gas chromatography and a flame ionization detector (TD-GC-FID). The TD-GC-FID method was optimized to obtain the separation of all the analytical peaks (including m- and p-xylene) and a satisfactory sensitivity, with low detection (between 0.14 and 0.31 ng) and quantification (between 0.47 and 1.02 ng) limits. The whole procedure was firstly assessed with the analysis of four co-located tubes exposed at an outdoor monitoring site, with results that revealed a very low inter-tubes variability (relative standard deviations of parallel measurements 〈5%). Then, the measurement protocol was used to quantify the indoor concentrations of the target VOCs in nine different homes during the dishwasher washing cycle. The most abundant detected VOC in all dwellings was d-limonene (mean: 231 µg/m3; maximum: 611 µg/m3). All the other compounds were monitored at concentration levels one or two orders of magnitude lower than d-limonene, and were generally comparable with those found in the scientific literature. In terms of health concerns, the measured concentrations were always well below the safe levels established for the protection of the general population in living environments.
    Electronic ISSN: 2073-4433
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 3
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    Universe, Vol. 4, Pages 127: Small Black/White Hole Stability and Dark Matter (2018)
    MDPI
    In: Universe
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: We show that the expected lifetime of white holes formed as remnants of evaporated black holes is consistent with their production at reheating. We give a simple quantum description of these objects and argue that a quantum superposition of black and white holes with large interiors is stable, because it is protected by the existence of a minimal eigenvalue of the area, predicted by Loop Quantum Gravity. These two results support the hypothesis that a component of dark matter could be formed by small black hole remnants.
    Electronic ISSN: 2218-1997
    Topics: Physics
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  • 4
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    Universe, Vol. 4, Pages 129: Pre-Big-Bang Black-Hole Remnants and Past Low Entropy (2018)
    MDPI
    In: Universe
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: Dark matter could be composed by black-hole remnants formed before the big-bang era in a bouncing cosmology. This hypothetical scenario has implications on the issue of the arrow of time: it upsets a common attribution of past low entropy to the state of the geometry and suggests a possible realisation of the perspectival interpretation of past low entropy.
    Electronic ISSN: 2218-1997
    Topics: Physics
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  • 5
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    Entropy, Vol. 21, Pages 839: The Subtle Unphysical Hypothesis of the Firewall Theorem (2019)
    MDPI
    In: Entropy
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: The black-hole firewall theorem derives a suspicious consequence (large energy-momentum density at the horizon of a black hole) from a set of seemingly reasonable hypotheses. I point out the hypothesis that is likely to be unrealistic (a hypothesis not always sufficiently made explicit) and discuss the subtle confusion at its origin: mixing-up of two different notions of entropy and misusing the entropy bound.
    Electronic ISSN: 1099-4300
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 6
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    Materials, Vol. 12, Pages 2740: Miniaturized Near-Infrared (MicroNIR) Spectrometer in Plastic Waste Sorting (2019)
    MDPI
    In: Materials
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Valorisation of the urban plastic waste in high-quality recyclates is an imperative challenge in the new paradigm of the circular economy. In this scenario, a key role in the improvement of the recycling process is exerted by the optimization of waste sorting. In spite of the enormous developments achieved in the field of automated sorting systems, the quest for the reduction of cross-contamination of incompatible polymers as well as a rapid and punctual sorting of the unmatched polymers has not been sufficiently developed. In this paper, we demonstrate that a miniaturized handheld near-infrared (NIR) spectrometer can be used to successfully fingerprint and classify different plastic polymers. The investigated urban plastic waste comprised polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), and poly(styrene) (PS), collected directly in a recycling plastic waste plant, without any kind of sample washing or treatment. The application of unsupervised and supervised chemometric tools such as principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) on the NIR dataset resulted in a complete classification of the polymer classes. In addition, several kinds of PET (clear, blue, coloured, opaque, and boxes) were correctly classified as PET class, and PE samples with different branching degrees were properly separated.
    Electronic ISSN: 1996-1944
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 7
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    Entropy, Vol. 21, Pages 466: Where Was Past Low-Entropy? (2019)
    MDPI
    In: Entropy
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Where was the past low-entropy of the early universe located? Contrary to some popular answers, I argue that that the dominant source of low-entropy is the fact that a single degree of freedom, the scale factor, was not at equilibrium. I also discuss possible interpretations of the “improbability” of this early low-entropy.
    Electronic ISSN: 1099-4300
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 8
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    Environments, Vol. 4, Pages 19: Exposure Assessment Methods in Studies on Waste Management and Health Effects: An Overview (2017)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-02-22
    Description: Concerns and uncertainties persist about potential environmental and health effects associated with exposure to emissions from widely adopted waste management facilities: despite a limited amount of evidence having been found for some exposure-effect associations, most of the available studies were characterized by limitations related to poor exposure assessment, which could introduce biases and weaknesses in the interpretation of results. This communication provides a brief overview of the exposure assessment methods used in studies on waste management and health effects: problems, key issues, priorities and challenges are briefly presented and discussed. The main conclusions refer to the need of newly developed and harmonized exposure assessment strategies and techniques, which represent an essential step in the study of waste-disposal facilities’ health impacts.
    Electronic ISSN: 2076-3298
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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  • 9
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    Directional Amplification at Rock Sites in Fault Damage Zones (2024)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-09
    Description: Site effects refer to the modification of ground shaking caused by the local geological con- ditions that can result in the strong amplification of ground motion. The best-known cause for site effects is the presence of superficial soft soil deposits, which are considered in seismic design codes of many countries through the use of scaling factors. Rock sites are assumed to show no local site amplification. However, even at rock sites, seismic waves can be locally amplified at frequencies of engineering interest, with larger motion along one site-specific azimuth on the horizontal plane (the so called “directional site resonance or amplification”). These effects have been related to the pres- ence of large-scale open cracks or microcracks in different geological environments (faults, land- slides, volcanic areas) everywhere with a common signature: maximum amplification occurs trans- verse to the predominant fracture strike. In this paper, we summarize our main results obtained in the last decade with regard to several fault zones with different kinematics, where ground motion is polarized (and amplified) perpendicularly to the predominant fracture field as an effect of the stiffness anisotropy. In order to give a further constraint, we also show some cases where the direc- tional amplification effects were compared with the S-wave splitting analysis method.
    Description: Published
    Description: 6060
    Description: OST2 Deformazione e Hazard sismico e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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