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  • 1
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    Energies, Vol. 12, Pages 2981: Kinetics of Solid-Gas Reactions and Their Application to Carbonate Looping Systems (2019)
    MDPI
    In: Energies
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Reaction kinetics is an important field of study in chemical engineering to translate laboratory-scale studies to large-scale reactor conditions. The procedures used to determine kinetic parameters (activation energy, pre-exponential factor and the reaction model) include model-fitting, model-free and generalized methods, which have been extensively used in published literature to model solid-gas reactions. A comprehensive review of kinetic analysis methods will be presented using the example of carbonate looping, an important process applied to thermochemical energy storage and carbon capture technologies. The kinetic parameters obtained by different methods for both the calcination and carbonation reactions are compared. The experimental conditions, material properties and the kinetic method are found to strongly influence the kinetic parameters and recommendations are provided for the analysis of both reactions. Of the methods, isoconversional techniques are encouraged to arrive at non-mechanistic parameters for calcination, while for carbonation, material characterization is recommended before choosing a specific kinetic analysis method.
    Electronic ISSN: 1996-1073
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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  • 2
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    IJERPH, Vol. 16, Pages 657: Sulforaphane Cannot Protect Human Fibroblasts From Repeated, Short and Sublethal Treatments with Hydrogen Peroxide (2019)
    MDPI
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: A delicate balance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) exists inside the cell: when the mechanisms that control the level of ROS fail, the cell is in an oxidative stress state, a condition that can accelerate aging processes. To contrast the pro-aging effect of ROS, the supplementation of antioxidants has been recently proposed. Sulforaphane (SFN) is an isothiocyanate isolated from Brassica plants that has been shown to modulate many critical factors inside the cells helping to counteract aging processes. In the present work, we exposed human dermal fibroblast to short, sublethal and repeated treatments with hydrogen peroxide for eight days, without or in combination with low concentration of SFN. Hydrogen peroxide treatments did not affect the oxidative status of the cells, without any significant change of the intracellular ROS levels or the number of mitochondria or thiols in total proteins. However, our regime promoted cell cycle progression and cell viability, increased the anti-apoptotic factor survivin and increased DNA damage, measured as number of foci positive for γ -H2AX. On the other hand, the treatment with SFN alone seemed to exert a protective effect, increasing the level of p53, which can block the expansion of possible DNA damaged cells. However, continued exposure to SFN at this concentration could not protect the cells from stress induced by hydrogen peroxide.
    Print ISSN: 1661-7827
    Electronic ISSN: 1660-4601
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
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  • 3
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    Energies, Vol. 12, Pages 4171: Facilitating the Energy Transition—The Governance Role of Local Renewable Energy Cooperatives (2019)
    MDPI
    In: Energies
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: The governance role of local renewable energy cooperatives (LRECs) in facilitating the energy transition remains under-scrutinized in the scholarly literature. Such a gap is puzzling, since LRECs are a manifestation of the current decentralization movement and yield a promising governance contribution to a ‘just energy transition.’ This paper presents a study of the governance roles of LRECs in the province of Limburg, the Netherlands. Building on existing work on the cooperative movement and energy governance, we, first, develop a conceptual framework for our analysis. The framework is built around three key interactions shaping these governance roles, between (1) LRECs and their (potential) members, (2) LRECs and the government and (3) LRECs with other LRECs. The results of an online survey and qualitative interviews with selected cooperatives led to the identification of five key governance roles that these cooperatives take up in the facilitation of the energy transition: (1) mobilizing the public, (2) brokering between government and citizens, (3) providing context specific knowledge and expertise, (4) initiating accepted change and (5) proffering the integration of sustainability. The paper concludes by reflecting on the relevance of our findings in this Dutch case for the broader ‘just transition’ movement.
    Electronic ISSN: 1996-1073
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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  • 4
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    Agronomy, Vol. 5, Pages 322-340: The Electrochemical Properties of Biochars and How They Affect Soil Redox Properties and Processes (2015)
    MDPI
    In: Agronomy
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-07-22
    Description: Biochars are complex heterogeneous materials that consist of mineral phases, amorphous C, graphitic C, and labile organic molecules, many of which can be either electron donors or acceptors when placed in soil. Biochar is a reductant, but its electrical and electrochemical properties are a function of both the temperature of production and the concentration and composition of the various redox active mineral and organic phases present. When biochars are added to soils, they interact with plant roots and root hairs, micro-organisms, soil organic matter, proteins and the nutrient-rich water to form complex organo-mineral-biochar complexes Redox reactions can play an important role in the development of these complexes, and can also result in significant changes in the original C matrix. This paper reviews the redox processes that take place in soil and how they may be affected by the addition of biochar. It reviews the available literature on the redox properties of different biochars. It also reviews how biochar redox properties have been measured and presents new methods and data for determining redox properties of fresh biochars and for biochar/soil systems.
    Electronic ISSN: 2073-4395
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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  • 5
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    Remote Sensing, Vol. 11, Pages 1201: Changes in SO2 Flux Regime at Mt. Etna Captured by Automatically Processed Ultraviolet Camera Data (2019)
    MDPI
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: We used a one-year long SO2 flux record, which was obtained using a novel algorithm for real-time automatic processing of ultraviolet (UV) camera data, to characterize changes in degassing dynamics at the Mt. Etna volcano in 2016. These SO2 flux records, when combined with independent thermal and seismic evidence, allowed for capturing switches in activity from paroxysmal explosive eruptions to quiescent degassing. We found SO2 fluxes 1.5–2 times higher than the 2016 average (1588 tons/day) during the Etna’s May 16–25 eruptive paroxysmal activity, and mild but detectable SO2 flux increases more than one month before its onset. The SO2 flux typically peaked during a lava fountain. Here, the average SO2 degassing rate was ~158 kg/s, the peak emission was ~260 kg/s, and the total released SO2 mass was ~1700 tons (in 3 h on 18 May, 2016). Comparison between our data and prior (2014–2015) results revealed systematic SO2 emission patterns prior to, during, and after an Etna’s paroxysmal phases, which allows us to tentatively identify thresholds between pre-eruptive, syn-eruptive, and post-eruptive degassing regimes.
    Electronic ISSN: 2072-4292
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
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  • 6
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    Materials, Vol. 12, Pages 3795: Annealing of Boron-Doped Hydrogenated Crystalline Silicon Grown at Low Temperature by PECVD (2019)
    MDPI
    In: Materials
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: We investigate low-temperature (〈200 °C) plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) for the formation of p–n junctions. Compared to the standard diffusion or implantation processes, silicon growth at low temperature by PECVD ensures a lower thermal budget and a better control of the doping profile. We previously demonstrated the successful growth of boron-doped epitaxial silicon layers (p+ epi-Si) at 180 °C. In this paper, we study the activation of boron during annealing via dark conductivity measurements of p+ epi-Si layers grown on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrates. Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (SIMS) profiles of the samples, carried out to analyze the elemental composition of the p+ epi-Si layers, showed a high concentration of impurities. Finally, we have characterized the p+ epi-Si layers by low-temperature photoluminescence (PL). Results revealed the presence of a broad defect band around 0.9 eV. In addition, we observed an evolution of the PL spectrum of the sample annealed at 200 °C, suggesting that additional defects might appear upon annealing.
    Electronic ISSN: 1996-1944
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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