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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Equations for diffuse scattering from materials with multiple sublattices (1975)
    [S.l.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 31 (1975), S. 635-645 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5724
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: General equations are presented for the diffuse scattering due to local ionic arrangements and displacements in systems with more than one ion per lattice point. Up to fourth-order terms are included. These are placed in a form easy to evaluate in specific cases; examples are given of a solid-solution oxide, and an oxide with vacant sites. Methods for employing these equations for the separation of the various contributions are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0567739475001362
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    X-ray diffraction studies of Wüstite at high temperature (1975)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 8 (1975), S. 126-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Diffuse scattering from FexO was measured at 840°C. Relatively sharp peaks were observed along the [h00] direction near the NaCl-type fundamental peaks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889875009788
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of single-crystal elastic constants from a cubic polycrystalline aggregate (1985)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 18 (1985), S. 513-518 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A method for determining cubic stiffness constants from polcrystalline Young's modulus and X-ray elastic constants is described. The relations used among these elastic constants are those based on Kröner's quasiisotropic model. The X-ray elastic constants required [S1(hkl)] are obtained by measuring various (hkl) d spacings of a stressed specimen under symmetric θ–2θ scan mode. An application to an Fe–31Ni alloy has given the results: C11 = 1.47, C12 = 1.05 and C44 = 1.24 × 1011 Pa.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889885010809
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Experimental considerations in measurements of diffuse scattering (1975)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 8 (1975), S. 87-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A brief review is given of the Borie–Sparks method of measuring and separating the diffuse scattering in alloys due to local displacements of atoms from lattice sites. Experimental techniques are reviewed with particular emphasis on simple computer controls, dead time, monochromators and specimens. After this, sources of error in the measurements are discussed and simple methods for assessing these errors presented. Equations for estimating higher-order terms than those included by Borie and Sparks are presented. It now appears that a thorough analysis of the errors needs to be made for each measurement prior to its publication. As this kind of experiment is readily automated and easily analyzed for errors with modern computers, this should now become standard procedure. It is also suggested that intensities in electron units be kept on file and made available when requested, as is done with structure factors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889875009715
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    XPKFIT: peak separation with arbitrary relations among the component peaks (1981)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 14 (1981), S. 145-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A computer program for the separation of a composite peak into the components and the background has been written in Fortran. Each component is approximated by a function of the form y(x) = c [1 + ({{x - d}\over{e}})^{2}]^{-f}, where c, d, e and f are the parameters to be determined by a least-squares method. Arbitrary, known or assumed relations among the parameters of different components may be read in to reduce the number of independent parameters and save computation time or, in other cases, to offer a better chance of separating a complex composite peak by varying a subset of the parameters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889881008984
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Errors in quantitative analysis of diffuse scattering from alloys (1973)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 6 (1973), S. 59-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Errors in separating diffuse scattering resulting from local order from that from static and dynamic displacements have been examined; the Borie–Sparks symmetry procedure was employed, which includes second-order terms in the displacements. The largest source of error when X-rays are employed is the variation in the ratio of scattering factors across the volume measured in reciprocal space. Large errors in the Warren local-order parameters result for clustering systems with displacement terms of the same order as the local-order parameters (or larger), but not if the size terms are smaller. For systems with local order the errors in these parameters are small. Uncertainties in the size terms are always appreciable. Other errors that were considered are: higher-order terms, extrapolation under Bragg peaks, errors in Compton scattering, background and surface roughness, and uncertainties in composition or polarization resulting from a monochromator.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889873008162
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  • 7
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    Meteorological effects in the lower ionosphere as based on VLF/LF signal observations (2014)
    Copernicus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-04-24
    Description: Very low and low frequency (VLF/LF) data recorded in the Far Eastern stations Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky (158.92° E, 53.15° N), Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk (142.75° E, 46.95° N) and Yuzhno-Kurilsk (145.861° E, 44.03° N) are investigated to study the meteorological effects in the lower ionosphere. The results demonstrate the sensitivity of the VLF/LF signals to the variations of atmospheric pressure, humidity, wind velocity and temperature, and the VLF/LF record at the station of Yuzhno-Kurilsk is found to be most sensitive to those variations of atmospheric parameters. The region under consideration is characterized by high winter cyclonic activity in midlatitudes and strong summer and autumn typhoon activity in low latitudes. VLF/LF signal variations during 8 tropical cyclones (TCs) with different intensity are considered. Negative nighttime anomalies in the signal amplitude that are most probably caused by TC activity are found for 6 events. Those anomalies are observed during 1–2 days when TCs move inside the sensitivity zones of the subionospheric paths. Perturbations of the VLF signal observed during 2 TCs can be caused by both the TC influence and seismic activity, but no correlation between TC intensity and magnitude of the signal anomalies is found. Spectral analysis of the typhoon-induced disturbed signals revealed the fluctuations with time periods in the range of 7–16 and 15–55 min that corresponds to the range of internal gravity waves periods.
    Electronic ISSN: 2195-9269
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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  • 8
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    On the fluctuation spectra of seismo-electromagnetic phenomena (2011)
    Copernicus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-02-03
    Description: In order to increase the credibility on the presence of electromagnetic phenomena associated with an earthquake, we have suggested the importance of the modulation (or fluctuation) seen in the time-series data of any seismogenic effects. This paper reviews the fluctuation spectra of seismogenic phenomena in order to indicate the modulation mechanisms in the lithosphere, atmosphere and ionosphere/magnetosphere. Especially, the effect of Earth's tides in the lithosphere and the modulation in the atmosphere (acoustic and atmospheric gravity waves) are discussed and this kind of fluctuation spectra would further provide essential information on the generation mechanisms of different seismogenic effects. Furthermore, the important role of the slope of fluctuation spectra is suggested in order to investigate the self-organized criticality before the lithospheric rupture and its associated effects in different regions such as the ionosphere.
    Print ISSN: 1561-8633
    Electronic ISSN: 1684-9981
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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  • 9
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    The ionospheric perturbations associated with Asian earthquakes as seen from the subionospheric propagation from NWC to Japanese stations (2010)
    Copernicus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-03-26
    Description: Huge five earthquakes with magnitude greater than 6.0 took place in Asia (include Philippines, Indonesia, etc.) during the period from the beginning of August 2008 to the end of Junuary 2009, and the corresponding data of subionospheric VLF propagation between the NWC transmitter (Australia, 19.8 kHz) and a few Japanese stations (distance 6~8 Mm) are examined. As the result of our analysis by means of (1) trend (average nighttime amplitude), (2) dispersion, (3) nighttime fluctuation, and (4) atmospheric gravity wave enhancement, three earthquakes from the five taking place within the fifth Frenel zone are found to have accompanied a precursory signature in VLF propagation. On the other hand, there were observed no such precursory signatures for the remaing two earthquakes. One is too deep (〉400 km) and another is too distant from the great-circle path. These characteristics of seismo-ionospheric perturbations would be of essential importance in studying the spatial/temporal properties of seismo-ionospheric perturbations for medium-distance propagation.
    Print ISSN: 1561-8633
    Electronic ISSN: 1684-9981
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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  • 10
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    Disturbances in a VLF radio signal prior the M=4.7 offshore Anzio (central Italy) earthquake on 22 August 2005 (2008)
    Copernicus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-10-10
    Description: On 22 August 2005 an earthquake with magnitude M=4.7 occurred in the Anzio (central Italy) offshore area. From 2002, a VLF-LF radio receiver is into operation in Bari (southern Italy). The intensity and the phase of the signals transmitted by GB (f=16 kHz, United Kingdom), FR (f=20.9 kHz, France), GE (f=23.4 kHz, Germany), IC (f=37.5 kHz, Island) and IT (f=54 kHz, Sicily, Italy) has been monitored with a 5 s sampling rate. The previous epicenter is near enough to some of the radio paths and the data collected were studied in order to reveal possible seismic effects. The raw analysis revealed a clear drop in the intensity of the FR radio signal on 19 August. Then the wavelet analysis was applied to the intensity and the phase data of the different radio signals. In the mentioned day an increase in the band 60–120 min was revealed in the spectra of the FR signal. Then the principal component analysis was applied and again the 19 August stood up as an anomalous day for the FR radio signal. The path of this signal, among the paths of the five radio signals collected by the Bari receiver, is the nearest to the mentioned epicentre and the anomaly revealed on 19 August appears as a precursor of the earthquake. This result confirms the possible precursor revealed by other researchers in the air Rn content in a site located 5 miles far from the epicenter.
    Print ISSN: 1561-8633
    Electronic ISSN: 1684-9981
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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