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  • Institute of Physics (IOP)  (6)
  • Seismological Society of America (SSA)  (3)
  • 1
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    Long-Period Ground-Motion Prediction Equations for Moment Magnitude Estimation of Large Earthquakes in Japan (2016)
    Seismological Society of America (SSA)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-01-27
    Description: We developed long-period (5–30 s) ground-motion prediction equations (GMPEs) for peak ground velocities (PGVs) and peak ground displacements (PGDs) for crustal, interplate, and intraplate earthquakes. We used strong-motion data from KiK-net downhole stations located in layers with shear-wave velocities equal to or greater than 2000 m/s. The data set consisted of 20 earthquakes of 6≤ M w ≤9.1 that occurred in and around Japan, including the 2011 Tohoku earthquake. Two-stage regression analyses were performed to derive the long-period GMPEs. We fitted the data with bilinear regression lines bending at M w  7.5, although additional factors such as focal depth and earthquake type were found to enhance the fitting with the observed data. The developed equations indicated that long-period PGVs and PGDs are larger for crustal earthquakes than for interplate and intraplate earthquakes. The attenuation coefficients indicated that long-period PGVs and PGDs increase with increasing depth. We estimated the moment magnitude by fitting the observed PGVs and PGDs in the 5–30 s period range with the long-period GMPEs. We obtained estimates of the magnitudes of 23 earthquakes recorded by KiK-net downhole accelerometers, and the results were consistent with the moment magnitudes obtained from the Global Centroid Moment Tensor project. The described method was proven useful for estimating the moment magnitude of great earthquakes, offering the potential for rapid estimation of moment magnitude if information from the source area is available.
    Print ISSN: 0037-1106
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-3573
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Seismological Society of America (SSA)
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  • 2
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    Pretreatment of Cellulose By Electron Beam Irradiation Method (2018)
    Institute of Physics (IOP)
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    Publication Date: 2018-05-23
    Description: Pretreatment process of lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) to produce biofuel has been conducted by using various methods including physical, chemical, physicochemical as well as biological. The conversion of bioethanol process typically involves several steps which consist of pretreatment, hydrolysis, fermentation and separation. In this project, microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) was used in replacement of LCB since cellulose has the highest content of LCB for the purpose of investigating the effectiveness of new pretreatment method using radiation technology. Irradiation with different doses (100 kGy to 1000 kGy) was conducted by using electron beam accelerator equipment at Agensi Nuklear Malaysia. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analyses were studied to further understand the effect of the suggested pretreatment step to the content of MCC. Through this method namely IRR-LCB, an ideal and optimal condition for pretreatment prior to the prod...
    Print ISSN: 1757-8981
    Electronic ISSN: 1757-899X
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Published by Institute of Physics (IOP)
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  • 3
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    Thermal Debinding and Sintering of water atomised SS316L Metal Injection Moulding Process (2017)
    Institute of Physics (IOP)
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    Publication Date: 2017-08-15
    Description: Thermal debinding of SS316L metal injection moulding samples was done with temperatures of 400°C, 500°C and 600°C was done. Weight loss, density and shrinkage values of the brown part being analysed. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)/electron dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) were used to monitor the carburization and oxidation of the thermal debound samples. It is found that, samples under thermal debound temperature of 400°C was less oxidation and carburising as compare to other temperature. Weight loss also indicates higher in percentage although the percentage shrinkage is less. XRD pattern also indicates minor affected in peaks changes as compare to other temperature. Sintering of the thermal debound samples of 400°C temperature shows good microstructure formation and mechanical properties.
    Print ISSN: 1757-8981
    Electronic ISSN: 1757-899X
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Published by Institute of Physics (IOP)
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  • 4
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    Optimization of Bread Enriched with Garcinia mangostana Pericarp Powder (2018)
    Institute of Physics (IOP)
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    Publication Date: 2018-05-23
    Description: The aim of present work is to optimize the formulation of bread enhanced with Garcinia mangostana pericarp powder with the combination of baking process conditions. The independent variables used were baking time (15 - 30 minutes), baking temperature (180 - 220°C) and pericarp powder concentration (0.5 - 2.0%). The physical and chemical properties of bread sample such as antioxidant activity, phenolic content, moisture analysis and colour parameters were studied. Bread dough without fortification of pericarp powder was used as control. Data obtained were analyzed by multiple regressions and the significant model such as linear and quadratic with variables interactions were used. As a conclusion, the optimum baking conditions were found at 213°C baking temperature with 23 minutes baking time and addition of 0.87% for Garcinia mangostana pericarp powder to the bread formulation.
    Print ISSN: 1757-8981
    Electronic ISSN: 1757-899X
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 5
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    Optimization of Acid Orange 7 Degradation in Heterogeneous Fenton-like Reaction Using Fe 3 -xCoxO 4 Catalyst (2018)
    Institute of Physics (IOP)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-05-23
    Description: The oxidation process such as heterogeneous Fenton and/or Fenton-like reactions is considered as an effective and efficient method for treatment of dye degradation. In this study, the degradation of Acid Orange 7 (AO7) was investigated by using Fe 3 -xCoxO 4 as a heterogeneous Fenton-like catalyst. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the operational parameters condition and the interaction of two or more parameters. The parameter studies were catalyst dosage ( X 1 ), pH ( X 2 ) and H 2 O 2 concentration ( X 3 ) towards AO7 degradation. Based on analysis of variance (ANOVA), the derived quadratic polynomial model was significant whereby the predicted values matched the experimental values with regression coefficient of R 2 = 0.9399. The optimum condition for AO7 degradation was obtained at catalyst dosage of 0.84 g/L, pH of 3 and H 2 O 2 c...
    Print ISSN: 1757-8981
    Electronic ISSN: 1757-899X
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 6
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    Long-Period Site Response in Northeastern Japan from Ground-Motion Prediction Equations (2016)
    Seismological Society of America (SSA)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-12-02
    Description: We evaluated the long-period site response of peak ground velocities (PGVs) and peak ground displacements (PGDs) in the 5–30 s period range at 198 K-NET, KiK-net, and Japan Meteorological Agency strong-motion stations in northeastern Japan. Long-period site responses were estimated empirically based on the ratio of observed ground motions on free surfaces to the values predicted by ground-motion prediction equations (GMPEs) on bedrock in which the shear-wave velocity is ≥2000 m/s. Our results show large site amplifications generally dominate at basin stations, whereas site deamplifications generally dominate at mountain stations. The long-period site response factors of PGVs and PGDs have ranges of 0.6–3.6 and 0.4–3.1, respectively, for which the factors of PGVs are larger than those of PGDs by an average factor of ~1.3. Long-period site responses were used to correct the observed strong ground motions of eight earthquakes. The long-period site-corrected data fit better with GMPEs that were inferred from smaller standard errors and show a better correlation with sediment thickness, and thus may contribute to reducing the variability of seismic-hazard assessment.
    Print ISSN: 0037-1106
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-3573
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Seismological Society of America (SSA)
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  • 7
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    Empirical Spectral Acceleration Amplification in the Iwate-Miyagi and Niigata Regions, Japan, Inferred by a Spectral Ratio Method Using Ground-Motion Prediction Equations (2014)
    Seismological Society of America (SSA)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-06-12
    Description: Using the strong ground motion dataset of M w  4.0–6.0 earthquakes in Japan from K-NET and KiK-net, we studied empirically the 5% damped spectral acceleration amplification for periods from 0.05 to 5 s at 75 seismic stations located in the Iwate–Miyagi and Niigata regions. The method of study is based on estimating the empirical site effect from the spectral ratio of observed and predicted ground motions based on the ground-motion prediction equations (GMPEs). Our results show a large amplification at most analyzed stations at periods of 0.1 s and shorter; at periods of 0.3 s and longer, large amplifications generally dominate at basin stations, but deamplifications generally dominate at mountain stations. Empirical amplification factors of spectral acceleration were used to correct the observed strong ground motion data of two crustal earthquakes: the 2008 Iwate–Miyagi Nairiku earthquake ( M w  6.9) and the 2004 Chuetsu earthquake ( M w  6.6). The site-corrected data fit better with GMPEs inferred by less standard error. We took advantage of a large body of empirical data to develop a mean empirical site-response model for each region. These empirical models are superior to models predicted from GMPEs using only V S 30 site corrections. Those relations have shown a low correlation at short periods such as 0.1 s. We also found the relations are different for the mountain and basin stations. The method is efficient for calculating site effects at observation stations where insufficient velocity structure information and a history of earthquake recordings are available.
    Print ISSN: 0037-1106
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-3573
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 8
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    Properties of concrete containing coconut shell powder (CSP) as a filler (2017)
    Institute of Physics (IOP)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-12-08
    Description: Coconut shellsare a type of agricultural waste which can be converted into useful material. Therefore,this study was conducted to investigate the properties of concrete which uses coconut shell powder (CSP) filler material and to define the optimum percentage of CSP which can be used asfiller material in concrete. Comparisons have been made between normal concrete mixes andconcrete containing CSP. In this study, CSP was added into concrete mixes invaryingpercentages (0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10%). The coconut shell was grounded into afine powder before use. Experimental tests which have been conducted in this study include theslump test, compressive test and splitting tensile strength test. CSP have the potential to be used as a concrete filler and thus the findings of this study may be applied to the construction industry. The use of CSP as a filler in concrete can help make the earth a more sustainable and greener place to live in.
    Print ISSN: 1757-8981
    Electronic ISSN: 1757-899X
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Published by Institute of Physics (IOP)
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  • 9
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    Ammonia removal via microbial fuel cell (MFC) dynamic reactor (2017)
    Institute of Physics (IOP)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-06-22
    Description: Landfill leachate is generally known as high-strength wastewater that is difficult to handle and contains dissolved extracts and suspended matter. Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) were designed to treat landfill leachate while continuously producing power (voltage output). Three different anodes were tested in MFC reactors: carbon black, activated carbon, and zinc electrodes. Movements in the MFC reactor during treatment were also a key factor for testing. Results showed a difference in ammonia levels in the three anodes used. The study compared the efficiency of static and dynamic modes of MFC in removing ammonia. Continual leachate movement in the reactor could increase the rate of removal of the ammonia components. The setup provided a viable condition for maximum removal because the reactor movement caused the sludge to disintegrate, which allowed ammonia to separate easily from the parent leachate. Ammonia removal also resulted from the transfer of ammonium through the membrane ...
    Print ISSN: 1757-8981
    Electronic ISSN: 1757-899X
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Published by Institute of Physics (IOP)
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