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  • 1
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    Late Quaternary slip-rate along the central Bangong-Chaxikang segment of the Karakorum fault, western Tibet (2015)
    Geological Society of America (GSA)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-12-30
    Description: Insight into the spatial and temporal changes of slip-rate is essential to understand the kinematic role of large strike-slip faults in continental collision zones. Geodetic and geologic rates from present to several million years ago along the Karakorum fault range from 0 to 11 mm/yr. Here, we determine the first late Quaternary slip-rate at the southern end of the linear Bangong-Chaxikang segment of the Karakorum fault, using cumulative offsets (20–200 m) of fans and terraces at three sites, as well as 74 new 10 Be surface-exposure ages to constrain the age of these offset geomorphic markers. The rate is 〉3 mm/yr at sites Gun and Chaxikang, and it is 〉1.7–2.2 mm/yr at the Gar fan site. Together with rates obtained along the southernmost Menshi-Kailas segment, the Karakorum fault slip-rate seems to increase southeastward from south of Bangong Lake to Kailas (from 〉3 to 〉8 mm/yr). These Karakorum fault slip-rate data (〉3–8 mm/yr), together with the total length of the fault (〉1000 km) and its initiation age (〉13–23 Ma), confirm that the Karakorum fault is the major fault accommodating dextral strike-slip motion NE of the western Himalayas. The dextral Karakorum fault in the south and the conjugate left-lateral Longmu Co–Altyn Tagh fault system in the north are thus the major strike-slip faults of western Tibet, which contribute to eastward extrusion of Tibet.
    Print ISSN: 0016-7606
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-2674
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of America (GSA)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Minimization of load reduction in pipe networks subject to interrupted supply (1975)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 9 (1975), S. 477-483 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The paper considers the question of reduction of loads on a pipe network, which may be necessary as a result of failure in supply or interruption of a pipe. The non-linear relationship between pressure loss and flow along a pipe makes the problem of minimizing the reduction of loads also non-linear. An iterative linear approximation technique is therefore adopted. When the question is formulated as a problem in linear programming, the constraints include nodal pressures as well as loads. It is shown how the number of these constraints may be reduced.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620090214
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Security assessment of gas networks (1977)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1977), S. 963-973 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A measure of the severity of a pipeline failure is the minimum reduction in load in the network necessary to ensure that no node falls below its minimum pressure. The expected loss of sales is calculated as the product of the minimum reduction in load and the expected duration of the period during which the pipeline will be in the inoperable state, and thus reflects both the severity and the frequency of the failure. Consequently, this index, whose evaluation involves network theory, optimization and probability theory, serves as a measure of the insecurity of the gas network.The security index can be evaluated for all points within a system, providing a basis of comparison between the relative vulnerability of different parts. The relative level of security of different design proposals can also be assessed using this index.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620110605
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of ions in aqueous media on hydroxyapatite induction by silica gel and its relevance to bioactivity of bioactive glasses and glass-ceramics (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 4 (1993), S. 221-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Hydroxyapatite induction by a synthesized pure silica hydrogel was examined in various simulated body fluids (SBFs) having different magnesium, calcium, and phosphate ion concentrations as well as pH values. The silica hydrogel generated biologically active apatite on its surface by taking up calcium and phosphorous ionic groups from a surrounding SBF that was prepared to emulate the human plasma in inorganic composition. The induction period for apatite nucleation on the surface of the silica was largely decreased with the addition of a small amount of the calcium or phosphate ions to the SBF and with an increase in pH, but increased with the addition of magnesium ion. Bioactivity of bioactive materials like Bioglass® and glass-ceramic A-W was well interpreted in terms of the rate of apatite formation reflected in these results. Moreover, the results provide the basic knowledge for designing new bioactive materials. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jab.770040303
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The bone-bonding polymer Polyactive® 80/20 induces hydroxycarbonate apatite formation in vitro (1997)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 34 (1997), S. 79-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The bone-bonding polymer known as Polyactive® is a block copolymer composed of a polyethylene oxide (PEO) soft segment and a polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) hard segment. This study focuses on the in vitro induction of hydroxyapatite by Polyactive®. Our results show that Polyactive® is capable of inducing hydroxycarbonate apatite (HCAp) formation from a metastable calcium phosphate solution analogous to a physiological solution. In a 4-day incubation, the HCAp formation extended approximately 100 μm deep from the surface. A great number of globules about 1 μm large were found in the calcified Polyactive®. These globules were composed of HCAp crystals embedded in the polymer matrix. There were so many globules in the surface that they connected with each other and formed a calcified layer. Next to the calcified layer was a zone where the globules were scattered. The calcified surface may have acted to promote HCAp growth from the solution, bringing about the formation of a HCAp layer on top of the calcified layer. The transition of solid Polyactive® into a Polyactive® hydro-gel in calcium phosphate solution permitted HCAp formation within the polymer. It is proposed that the COOH groups produced during hydrolysis of Polyactive® play an important role in nucleating hydroxyapatite. A remarkable affinity of the PEO segment of the polymer for calcium ions may facilitate moving calcium and phosphate from the solution into the polymer for the growth of HCAp. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
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    Vapor transport of silver and gold in basaltic lava flows (2019)
    Geological Society of America (GSA)
    In: Geology
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈span〉We documented occurrences of native copper (Cu), silver (Ag), and gold (Au) in a pāhoehoe flow from Kīlauea volcano (Hawaii, USA), an aʻā flow from Mauna Loa volcano (Hawaii), and a midoceanic- ridge basalt (MORB) from the Chile Ridge (southeastern Pacific Ocean). Native Ag in Kīlauea and MORB samples consistently contained minor Cl (〈1 wt%). Native Ag in Hawaiian basalts can occur at the center of nearly circular patches of relatively evolved minerals, which presumably formed after late-stage silicate liquid infilled pipe vesicles. Sulfur loss and oxidation of a Cu-sulfide phase can explain the native Cu, but not Au and Ag deposition. The rare occurrence of native Cu-Au-Ag alloys and the large native Au and Ag grain size suggest separate metal precipitation mechanisms. A fractional crystallization and degassing model envisions initial Au and Ag enrichment in crystallizing interstitial liquid and further enrichment in a separating vapor phase. From the flow interior, the metals ascend through ephemeral pipe vesicles as bisulfide (Au) or chloride (Ag) vapor complexes and precipitate in the transition zone below the upper vesicular zone, owing to temperature and oxidation state changes. Our results support igneous vapor transport of ore elements in mafic plutonic systems and imply preconcentration of gold during lava solidification before later hydrothermal remobilization.〈/span〉
    Print ISSN: 0091-7613
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-2682
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of America (GSA)
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  • 7
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    Late Paleozoic closure of the Ob-Zaisan Ocean along the Irtysh shear zone (NW China): Implications for arc amalgamation and oroclinal bending in the Central Asian orogenic belt (2017)
    Geological Society of America (GSA)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-29
    Description: The largest accretionary orogen in the world, the Central Asian orogenic belt, has evolved through the assembly of various oceanic and continental blocks. Understanding the processes associated with the development of this orogenic belt relies on precise recognition of the boundaries between various terranes. One such major suture zone, which records the collisional history of the Siberian marginal arc system (Chinese Altai) with intra-oceanic arc systems (East/West Junggar), is the Irtysh shear zone in NW China. The spatial continuity and the tectonic nature of this shear zone are still poorly understood, but its development has supposedly made a significant impact on the architecture of the western Central Asian orogenic belt and the formation of the Kazakhstan orocline. Here, we provide new insight into the evolution of this shear zone based on detrital zircon ages, Hf isotope composition, structural data and 40 Ar/ 39 Ar age constraints on the timing of deformation. Our results show a major discrepancy in detrital zircon populations and Hf model ages across the southern Chinese Altai and the northern East/West Junggar, thus allowing us to map the exact location of the tectonic boundary. Detrital zircon data constrain the initial closure of the Ob-Zaisan Ocean to the late Carboniferous (〈323 Ma), and new structural and 40 Ar/ 39 Ar geochronological data shed light on the subsequent collisional processes. We propose that the collisional zone between the Chinese Altai and the East/West Junggar was initially subjected to crustal thickening at ca. 323–295 Ma, followed by orogen-parallel extension (ca. 295 Ma) and transpressional deformation (ca. 286–253 Ma). The closure of the Ob-Zaisan Ocean in NW China postdates the initial phase of oroclinal bending in the western Central Asian orogenic belt, thus indicating that oroclinal bending initiated during subduction. Based on our new constraints and other available geological data, we suggest that the early stage of oroclinal bending was likely driven by slab rollback.
    Print ISSN: 0016-7606
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-2674
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of America (GSA)
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  • 8
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    Vapor transport of silver and gold in basaltic lava flows (2019)
    Geological Society of America (GSA)
    In: Geology
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈span〉〈div〉Abstract〈/div〉We documented occurrences of native copper (Cu), silver (Ag), and gold (Au) in a pāhoehoe flow from Kīlauea volcano (Hawaii, USA), an a‘ā flow from Mauna Loa volcano (Hawaii), and a mid-oceanic-ridge basalt (MORB) from the Chile Ridge (southeastern Pacific Ocean). Native Ag in Kīlauea and MORB samples consistently contained minor Cl (〈1 wt%). Native Ag in Hawaiian basalts can occur at the center of nearly circular patches of relatively evolved minerals, which presumably formed after late-stage silicate liquid infilled pipe vesicles. Sulfur loss and oxidation of a Cu-sulfide phase can explain the native Cu, but not Au and Ag deposition. The rare occurrence of native Cu-Au-Ag alloys and the large native Au and Ag grain size suggest separate metal precipitation mechanisms. A fractional crystallization and degassing model envisions initial Au and Ag enrichment in crystallizing interstitial liquid and further enrichment in a separating vapor phase. From the flow interior, the metals ascend through ephemeral pipe vesicles as bisulfide (Au) or chloride (Ag) vapor complexes and precipitate in the transition zone below the upper vesicular zone, owing to temperature and oxidation state changes. Our results support igneous vapor transport of ore elements in mafic plutonic systems and imply preconcentration of gold during lava solidification before later hydrothermal remobilization.〈/span〉
    Print ISSN: 0091-7613
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-2682
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of America (GSA)
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