ALBERT

Description: Highlights: • Belt Sea cod, plaice and flounder differentiate in their specific egg densities. • Ontogenetic egg density increase in stage IV cod eggs elevates modeled egg mortality. • Drift model indicates retention in western Baltic in cod and flatfish yolk sac larvae. • No eastward transport to Arkona Sea or Bornholm Sea until end of yolk sac stage. • Ambiguity in flounder egg density could reflect more complex population structure. Abstract: Vertical distribution is an important feature of pelagic fish eggs and yolk sac larvae impacting their survival and dispersal, especially in heterogeneous and highly variable estuarine environments like the Baltic Sea. Egg densities determining the vertical distribution pattern were experimentally ascertained for cod (Gadus morhua), plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) and flounder (Platichthys flesus) from the western Baltic Sea. Plaice eggs floated at lower mean (±standard deviation) density range (1.0136 ± 0.0007 g cm−3) compared to cod (1.0146 ± 0.0009 g cm−3) and flounder eggs (1.0160 ± 0.0015 g cm−3), which floated on the highest density level. In flounder egg diameter was significantly related to egg density and in cod a weak correlation could be found between egg dry weight and density. All other relationships between female size, egg size, egg dry weight and egg density were not significant for any of the species. Available egg density data for Baltic Sea cod, plaice and flounder are summarized considering ICES subdivisions and stock management units. A hydrodynamic drift modeling approach was applied releasing drifters in the Belt Sea continuously from December to May, covering the species’ spawning seasons. The model implemented experimentally derived egg density ranges and included ontogenetic egg density modifications for cod eggs, increasing egg density from a late egg development stage to first hatch. A drifter was removed from the model, i.e. considered dead, when its initially prescribed density value exceeded the density range available at the temporally resolved geographical positions along the drift trajectories. Highest survival occurred during releases in April and May but no cohorts survived if they were drifted east into the central Arkona Basin or the central Baltic Sea, irrespective of whether a major Baltic Inflow (1992/1993) or a stagnation-year (1987/1988) was simulated. The dispersal characteristics of the surviving yolk sac larvae of all three species reflected retention within the Belt Sea or northwards transport through the Great Belt into the Kattegat and partly into the Skagerrak. There was no successful transport to more eastern Baltic areas past a hypothetical line from the island of Moen (Denmark) to Kap Arkona on Rügen Island (Germany).

Description: The high mortality during fish early life stages is a major bottleneck in aquaculture. Therefore, the establishment of methods to prevent and control diseases, to ensure efficient growth and to reach maximal survival rates is mandatory to optimize the productivity. A promising solution can be the early activation of the immune system by administration of probiotics as nutritional supplements. In our study we assess the effect of the probiotic candidate Bacillus subtilis on the innate and adaptive immune response of juvenile European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Therefore, Artemia nauplii were used as live carriers to feed B. subtilis to 3-month-old sea bass over a period of 2 weeks. Subsequently, the juveniles were fed another week without administering B. subtilis in order to estimate the bacterial mucus-binding ability. During the course of the experiment, we evaluated direct effects on the cellular immune response by fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis and on survival. As a next step we will determine profiles of immune gene expression. To estimate cellular stress, the expression level of metabolism- and stress-related genes will be measured. Furthermore, the RNA/DNA ratio as an indicator of growth will be analysed.

Description: Protecting the ocean has become a major goal of international policy as human activities increasingly endanger the integrity of the ocean ecosystem, often summarized as “ocean health.” By and large, efforts to protect the ocean have failed because, among other things, (1) the underlying socio-ecological pathways have not been properly considered, and (2) the concept of ocean health has been ill defined. Collectively, this prevents an adequate societal response as to how ocean ecosystems and their vital functions for human societies can be protected and restored. We review the confusion surrounding the term “ocean health” and suggest an operational ocean-health framework in line with the concept of strong sustainability. Given the accelerating degeneration of marine ecosystems, the restoration of regional ocean health will be of increasing importance. Our advocated transdisciplinary and multi-actor framework can help to advance the implementation of more active measures to restore ocean health and safeguard human health and well-being.