ALBERT

Description: With the mining of polymetallic nodules from the deep-sea seafloor once more evoking commercial interest, decisions must be taken on how to most efficiently regulate and monitor physical and community disturbance in these remote ecosystems. Image-based approaches allow non-destructive assessment of the abundance of larger fauna to be derived from survey data, with repeat surveys of areas possible to allow time series data collection. At the time of writing, key underwater imaging platforms commonly used to map seafloor fauna abundances are autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) and towed camera “ocean floor observation systems” (OFOSs). These systems are highly customisable, with cameras, illumination sources and deployment protocols changing rapidly, even during a survey cruise. In this study, eight image datasets were collected from a discrete area of polymetallic-nodule-rich seafloor by an AUV and several OFOSs deployed at various altitudes above the seafloor. A fauna identification catalogue was used by five annotators to estimate the abundances of 20 fauna categories from the different datasets. Results show that, for many categories of megafauna, differences in image resolution greatly influenced the estimations of fauna abundance determined by the annotators. This is an important finding for the development of future monitoring legislation for these areas. When and if commercial exploitation of these marine resources commences, robust and verifiable standards which incorporate developing technological advances in camera-based monitoring surveys should be key to developing appropriate management regulations for these regions.

Description: Future deep-sea mining for polymetallic nodules in abyssal plains will negatively impact the benthic ecosystem, but it is largely unclear whether this ecosystem will be able to recover from mining disturbance and if so, to what extent and at what timescale. During the “DISturbance and reCOLonization” (DISCOL) experiment, a total of 22 % of the seafloor within a 10.8 km2 circular area of the nodule-rich seafloor in the Peru Basin (SE Pacific) was ploughed in 1989 to bury nodules and mix the surface sediment. This area was revisited 0.1, 0.5, 3, 7, and 26 years after the disturbance to assess macrofauna, invertebrate megafauna and fish density and diversity. We used this unique abyssal faunal time series to develop carbon-based food web models for each point in the time series using the linear inverse modeling approach for sediments subjected to two disturbance levels: (1) outside the plough tracks; not directly disturbed by plough, but probably suffered from additional sedimentation; and (2) inside the plough tracks. Total faunal carbon stock was always higher outside plough tracks compared with inside plough tracks. After 26 years, the carbon stock inside the plough tracks was 54 % of the carbon stock outside plough tracks. Deposit feeders were least affected by the disturbance, with modeled respiration, external predation, and excretion rates being reduced by only 2.6 % inside plough tracks compared with outside plough tracks after 26 years. In contrast, the respiration rate of filter and suspension feeders was 79.5 % lower in the plough tracks after 26 years. The “total system throughput” (T..), i.e., the total sum of modeled carbon flows in the food web, was higher throughout the time series outside plough tracks compared with the corresponding inside plough tracks area and was lowest inside plough tracks directly after the disturbance (8.63 × 10−3 ± 1.58 × 10−5 mmol C m−2 d−1). Even 26 years after the DISCOL disturbance, the discrepancy of T.. between outside and inside plough tracks was still 56 %. Hence, C cycling within the faunal compartments of an abyssal plain ecosystem remains reduced 26 years after physical disturbance, and a longer period is required for the system to recover from such a small-scale sediment disturbance experiment.

Description: Future deep-sea mining for polymetallic nodules in abyssal plains will impact the benthic ecosystem, but it is largely unclear whether this ecosystem will be able to recover from mining disturbance and if so, at what time scale and to which extent. In 1989, during the "DISturbance and reCOLonization" (DISCOL) experiment, a total of 22 % of the surface within a 10.8 km2 large circular area of the nodule-rich seafloor in the Peru Basin (SE Pacific) was ploughed to bury nodules and mix the surface sediment. This area was revisited 0.1, 0.5, 3, 7, and 26 years after the disturbance to assess macrofauna, megafauna and fish density and diversity. We used this unique abyssal faunal time series to develop carbon-based food web models for disturbed (sediment inside the plough tracks) and undisturbed (sediment inside the experimental area, but outside the plough tracks) sites. We developed a linear inverse model (LIM) to resolve carbon flows between 7 different feeding types within macrofauna, megafauna and fish. The total faunal biomass was always higher at the undisturbed sites compared to the disturbed sites and 26 years post-disturbance the biomass at the disturbed sites was only 54 % of the biomass at undisturbed sites. Fish and sub-surface deposit feeders experienced a particularly large temporal variability in biomass and model-reconstructed respiration rates making it difficult to determine disturbance impacts. Deposit feeders were least affected by the disturbance, with respiration, external predation and excretion levels only reduced by 2.6 % in the sediments disturbed 26-years ago compared with undisturbed areas. In contrast, the respiration rate of filter and suspension feeders was still 79.5 % lower after 26 years when comparing the same sites. The "total system throughput" (T..), i.e. the total sum of carbon flows in the food web, was always higher at undisturbed sites compared to the corresponding disturbed sites and was lowest at disturbed sites directly after the disturbance (8.63 × 10−3 ± 1.58 × 10−5 mmol C m−2 d−1). Therefore, 26 years after the DISCOL disturbance, the throughput discrepancy between the undisturbed and the disturbed sediment was still 56 %. From these results we conclude that C cycling within the fauna compartments of an abyssal plain ecosystem remains reduced 26 years after physical disturbance, and that a longer period of time is required for the system to recover from such a simulated small scale deep-sea mining experimental disturbance.