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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2012-08-03
    Description: Onsite wastewater treatment systems are common in rural and semi-rural areas around the world; in the US, about 25–30% of households are served by a septic (onsite) wastewater treatment system, and many property owners also operate their own domestic well nearby. Site-specific conditions and local groundwater flow are often ignored when installing septic systems and wells. In areas with small lots (thus high spatial septic system densities), shallow domestic wells are prone to contamination by septic system leachate. Mass balance approaches have been used to determine a maximum septic system density that would prevent contamination of groundwater resources. In this study, a source area model based on detailed groundwater flow and transport modeling is applied for a stochastic analysis of domestic well contamination by septic leachate. Specifically, we determine the probability that a source area overlaps with a septic system drainfield as a function of aquifer properties, septic system density and drainfield size. We show that high spatial septic system density poses a high probability of pumping septic system leachate. The hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer has a strong influence on the intersection probability. We find that mass balance calculations applied on a regional scale underestimate the contamination risk of individual drinking water wells by septic systems. This is particularly relevant for contaminants released at high concentrations, for substances that experience limited attenuation, and those that are harmful even at low concentrations (e.g., pathogens).
    Print ISSN: 1027-5606
    Electronic ISSN: 1607-7938
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2013-02-19
    Description: A new comprehensive data collection by Damboldt and Suessmann (2012a) with monthly foF2 and M(3000)F2 median values is an excellent basis for the derivation of long-term trends in the ionospheric F2 region. Ionospheric trends have been derived only for stations with data series of at least 22 years (124 stations with foF2 data and 113 stations with M(3000)F2 data) using a twofold regression analysis depending on solar and geomagnetic activity. Three main results have been derived: Firstly, it could be shown that the solar 10.7 cm radio flux F10.7 is a better index for the description of the solar activity than the relative solar sunspot number R as well as the solar EUV proxy E10.7. Secondly, the global mean foF2 and hmF2 trends derived for the interval between 1948 and 2006 are in surprisingly good agreement with model calculations of an increasing atmospheric greenhouse effect (Rishbeth and Roble, 1992). Thirdly, during the years 2007 until 2009, the hmF2 values and to a smaller amount the foF2 values strongly decrease. The reason for this effect is a reduction of the thermospheric density and ionization due to a markedly reduced solar EUV irradiation and extremely small geomagnetic activity during the solar cycle 23/24 minimum.
    Print ISSN: 0992-7689
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-0576
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2013-07-04
    Description: Polar mesosphere summer echoes (PMSE) are strong enhancements of received signal power at very high radar frequencies occurring at altitudes between about 80 and 95 km at polar latitudes during summer. PMSE are caused by inhomogeneities in the electron density of the radar Bragg scale within the plasma of the cold summer mesopause region in the presence of negatively charged ice particles. Thus the occurrence of PMSE contains information about mesospheric temperature and water vapour content but also depends on the ionisation due to solar wave radiation and precipitating high energetic particles. Continuous and homogeneous observations of PMSE have been done on the North-Norwegian island Andøya (69.3° N, 16.0° E) from 1999 until 2008 using the ALWIN VHF radar at 53.5 MHz. In 2009 the Leibniz-Institute of Atmospheric Physics in Kühlungsborn, Germany (IAP) started the installation of the Middle Atmosphere Alomar Radar System (MAARSY) at the same location. The observation of mesospheric echoes could be continued in spring 2010 starting with an initial stage of expansion of MAARSY and is carried out with the completed installation of the radar since May 2011. Since both the ALWIN radar and MAARSY are calibrated, the received echo strength of PMSE from 14 yr of mesospheric observations could be converted to absolute signal power. Occurrence frequencies based on different common thresholds of PMSE echo strength were used for investigations of the solar and geomagnetic control of the PMSE as well as of possible long-term changes. The PMSE are positively correlated with the solar Lyman α radiation and the geomagnetic activity. The occurrence frequencies of the PMSE show slightly positive trends but with marginal significance levels.
    Print ISSN: 1684-9965
    Electronic ISSN: 1684-9973
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2005-05-27
    Description: Basing on model calculations by Roble and Dickinson (1989) for an increasing content of atmospheric greenhouse gases in the Earth’s atmosphere Rishbeth (1990) predicted a lowering of the ionospheric F2- and E-regions. Later Rishbeth and Roble (1992) also predicted characteristic longterm changes of the maximum electron density values of the ionospheric E-, F1-, and F2-layers. Long-term observations at more than 100 ionosonde stations have been analyzed to test these model predictions. In the E- and F1-layers the derived experimental results agree reasonably with the model trends (lowering of h'E and increase of ƒoE and ƒoF1, in the E-layer the experimental values are however markedly stronger than the model data). In the ionospheric F2-region the variability of the trends derived at the different individual stations for hmF2 as well as ƒoF2 values is too large to estimate reasonable global mean trends. The reason of the large differences between the individual trends is not quite clear. Strong dynamical effects may play an important role in the F2-region. But also inhomogeneous data series due to technical changes as well as changes in the evaluation algorithms used during the long observation periods may influence the trend analyses.
    Print ISSN: 1684-9965
    Electronic ISSN: 1684-9973
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2010-10-01
    Description: In dieser Arbeit wird ein analytisches Simulationsmodell für MOS Varaktoren zur Entwurfsunterstützung von integrierten CMOS LC-Tank VCO-Schaltungen präsentiert. Das analytische Simulationsmodell wurde auf Basis des EKV-Transistormodells implementiert und beinhaltet ausschließlich Design- und Prozessparameter für die Berechnung der Varaktorkapazität. Dieses Simulationsmodell ermöglicht es, die verwendeten Varaktoren im Vorfeld des VCO-Entwurfs zu dimensionieren, die effektive Großsignalkapazität in Abhängigkeit des Ausgangssignals zu berechnen und einzelne Eigenschaften der Varaktoren, wie z.B. das AM-FM Konversionsverhalten zu optimieren. Die Gültigkeit des vorgestellten analytischen Simulationsmodells zur Beschreibung der Varaktorkapazität in CMOS LC-Tank VCOs, wird anhand von Spectre (Cadence) Simulationen auf Basis eines 0.25 μm CMOS Prozesses der Firma IHP (SGB25) und eines 0.35 μm CMOS Prozesses der Firma AMS (C35) verifiziert. In this work an analytical simulation model for MOS varactors, that can be used in a systematically VCO design flow, is presented. The simulation model is based on the EKV transistor model and includes only design and process parameters of the used CMOS technology. The proposed simulation model allows calculating the required design parameters and the effective large signal capacitance of the varactors incorporated into the VCO as a function of the output signal of the VCO. Based on the expression for the effective large signal capacitance it is possible to optimize the AM-FM conversion behavior of the used varactors. The validity and accuracy of the simulation model is verified by Spectre simulations which are based on a 0.25 μm CMOS process (SGB25) from the company IHP and a 0.35 μm CMOS process (C35) from the company AMS. The simulation results show a good accordance in all transistor operating regions for NMOS varactors as well as PMOS varactors.
    Print ISSN: 1684-9965
    Electronic ISSN: 1684-9973
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2009-05-19
    Description: In dieser Arbeit präsentieren wir einen neuartigen Ansatz für den systematischen Entwurf von integrierten LC Tank VCO-Schaltungen basierend auf dem Andronov Hopf Theorem und der Störungstheorie. Der Ansatz ermöglicht es, eine Abschätzung des resultierenden Abstimmbereichs, eine Stabilitätsanalyse und eine Berechnung der Amplitude des VCOs im Vorfeld des eigentlichen Entwurfs durchzuführen. Des Weiteren erlaubt die vorgestellte Methode eine Optimierung des VCOs hinsichtlich der in den Spezifikationen geforderte Amplitude und eine Minimierung der höheren Harmonischen. Mit Hilfe eines ladungsbasierten MOS-Modells ist es möglich die spannungsabhängige Kapazität der Varaktortransistoren durch einen analytischen Ausdruck zu beschreiben. Auf Basis dieses analytischen Ausdrucks wird die amplitudenabhängige Großsignalkapazität des VCOs in Abhängigkeit von Designparametern und der Tuningspannung modelliert. Die Gültigkeit der vorgestellte Entwurfsmethode wird anhand eines Beispielentwurfes eines 2.4 GHz VCO unter Verwendung einer 0.25 μm HF-CMOS Technologie verifiziert.
    Print ISSN: 1684-9965
    Electronic ISSN: 1684-9973
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2010-10-01
    Description: Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wird ein Konzept zur Ordnungsreduktion von höherdimensionalen nichtlinearen Oszillatormodellen vorgestellt. Hierbei werden zwei wesentliche Ziele verfolgt. Zum einen wird eine höherdimensionale Modellierung der Oszillatorschaltung verwendet. Hierdurch lassen sich die Einflüsse parasitärer Effekte sowie struktureller Erweiterungen auf das dynamische Verhalten des Systems berücksichtigen. Zum anderen wird durch eine anschließende Ordnungsreduktion über die Methode der Zentrumsmannigfaltigkeit eine zweidimensionale Systembeschreibung erzeugt, deren wesentliche Dynamik derjenigen des höherdimensionalen Systems entspricht. Durch diese, in der Ordnung reduzierte, nichtlineare und parameterabhängige Systembeschreibung wird die Anwendbarkeit nichtlinearer Analysemethoden ermöglicht bzw. vereinfacht. Mit der Anwendung der Andronov-Hopf-Bifurkationsanalyse auf das reduzierte System lässt sich eine Stabilitätsuntersuchung durchführen sowie die Amplitude und Frequenz aller Zustandsgrößen approximieren. Das vorgestellte Konzept wird anhand des Beispielsystems eines LC-Tank-VCOs durchgeführt. In this paper, an order reduction technique for higher-dimensional nonlinear oscillator models, based on a center manifold approach, is presented. By modeling the oscillator circuit in the higher-dimensional state space, influences of parasitic elements and of structural extensions of the oscillator architecture on the dynamical system behavior can be examined. Using the proposed order reduction technique, a generalized second order model will be derived, which includes selected design parameters of the higher order model. By using an Andronov-Hopf bifurcation analysis, the reduced system can be studied with respect to stability as well as the amplitude and frequency of the individual state variables. The concept is applied to the design of LC-tank VCOs.
    Print ISSN: 1684-9965
    Electronic ISSN: 1684-9973
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2007-06-13
    Description: In dieser Arbeit wird ein neuartiges Schaltungskonzept für die Realisierung eines Phasendetektors einer Clock-and-Data-Recovery Schaltung vorgestellt. Es handelt sich hierbei um eine nichtlineare Phasendetektorarchitektur, die nach dem Verfahren von Alexander arbeitet. Um die Funktionalität des Phasendetektors im Hochfrequenzbereich zu gewährleisten, wurden in dem Design sehr schnell schaltende HLO-Flip-Flops (high-speed latching operation flip-flop) verwendet. Ein wesentliches Entwurfsziel war die Begrenzung des selbstgenerierten Jitters des Phasendetektors. Der Schaltungsentwurf wurde mit der Simulationsumgebung Cadence Spectre durchgeführt und die Funktionalität der Schaltung im GHz-Bereich anhand von ausgewählten Simulationen verifiziert. This paper presents a novel realization concept for Clock-and-Data-Recovery circuits. Our Design uses a nonlinear phase detector architecture, which is based on the Alexander phase detection method. In order to ensure circuit functionality in the RF region, we use very fast switching HLO-Flip-Flops (high-speed latching operation flip-flop) in our design. The primal goal in our design was the minimization of self induced jitter of the phase detector. The accuracy of our circuit design and the functionality in the GHz regime is confirmed by various circuit simulations executed with the SPECTRE Simulator.
    Print ISSN: 1684-9965
    Electronic ISSN: 1684-9973
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2009-05-19
    Description: In dieser Arbeit wird ein Konzept vorgestellt, die Schaltungsarchitektur des LC-Tank-VCOs im höherdimensionalen Zustandsraum zu modellieren. Dabei wurde die VCO-Schaltung auf dominante nichtlineare und asymmetrische Effekte näher untersucht. Das entwickelte Modell bildet die Grundlage für nachfolgende parameterabhängige Analysen der Oszillatorschaltung mittels der Andronov-Hopf Bifurkationsanalyse. Zu diesem Zweck wurde ein höherdimensionales Modell entwickelt, welches für die Bifurkationsanalyse auf ein System 2. Ordnung reduziert werden muss. Als mathematisches Hilfsmittel zur Ordnungsreduktion des Systems wird das Verfahren der Zentrumsmannigfaltigkeit verwendet. Das Differentialgleichungssystem wird sehr schaltungsnah aufgestellt, daraus resultiert der Vorteil einer genaueren Repräsentation des physikalischen Verhaltens der Schaltung. Ziel ist es möglichst viele Effekte die sich auf das Verhalten des VCOs auswirken können, mit zu berücksichtigen.
    Print ISSN: 1684-9965
    Electronic ISSN: 1684-9973
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2006-09-04
    Description: Aufgrund der Bedeutung der MOS-Technologie für Halbleiterindustrie und deren fortschreitende Miniaturisierung ist es wichtig sicherzustellen, dass die klassischen Schaltungskonzepte für stark skalierte Bauelemente nicht ihre Gültigkeit verlieren. Ziel unserer Arbeitsgruppe ist es ein Simulatorpaket zu entwickeln, welches von einer physikalischen Sicht heraus quantenmechanische Einflüsse in integrierten Schaltungen ermittelt und Konsequenzen für zukünftiges Schaltungsdesign prognostiziert. Zur Berechnung und Modellierung der Quanteneffekte wird ein auf dem "non equilibrium Green's functions" (NEGF) Formalismus basierender numerischer 1-dimensionaler Simulator entwickelt. Auf der Basis von numerischen Transportsimulationen werden Ersatzschaltbilder für die SPICE Simulationsumgebung erstellt, um den Einfluss der Quanteneffekte in die Schaltungssimulation einzubinden. In this paper we discuss the expected impact of quantum effects in nanostructured CMOS circuits. In order to describe transport in mesoscopic electronic systems our group develops a 1-d numerical simulation packet based on the "non equilibrium Green's functions" (NEGF) formalism. By means of the obtained simulation results we develop extended SPICE circuit models. With these SPICE models the influence of quantum effects to the functionality of classical circuit concepts can be studied. Using these results it is our intention to develop circuits with a higher robustness against these quantum effects. For the illustration of our simulation concept we discuss some results of some circuit examples.
    Print ISSN: 1684-9965
    Electronic ISSN: 1684-9973
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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