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  • 1
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    Synergistic effect of eicosapentaenoic acid-enriched phospholipids and sea cucumber saponin on orotic acid-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in rats (2018)
    Royal Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-07-12
    Description: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is becoming an increasingly prevalent chronic liver disease all over the world. The present study was undertaken to explore the synergistic effects of sea cucumber saponins (SCS) and eicosapentaenoic acid-enriched phospholipids (EPA-PL) at ratios of 0.5 : 0.5 and 1 : 1 on NAFLD and demonstrate possible protective mechanisms. It was found that the combination of EPA-PL and SCS at half dose exhibited better effects than EPA-PL or SCS alone and the combination of EPA-PL and SCS at full dose in alleviating orotic acid (OA)-induced symptoms including growth parameters, serum parameters and liver function. Further evaluation of the mechanism illustrated that EPA-PL and SCS combination at the ratio of 0.5 : 0.5 could markedly reduce the mRNA expressions of fatty acid synthase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and malic enzyme genes and significantly increase expression of genes relevant to fatty acid β-oxidation including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor and its target genes (CPT1, CPT2 and ACOX1), suggesting that the protection of the EPA-PL and SCS combination at the ratio of 0.5 : 0.5 against OA-induced NAFLD might be mainly via lipogenesis inhibition and β-oxidation enhancement in the liver. The synergistic effects of EPA-PL and SCS make it possible to reduce the doses of EPA-PL or SCS to avoid side effects, which is of value for the development of dietary supplements or functional foods for preventing or treating NAFLD.
    Keywords: medicinal chemistry, health and disease and epidemiology
    Electronic ISSN: 2054-5703
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by Royal Society
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  • 2
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    Benzothiazole heterogeneous photodegradation in nano {alpha}-Fe2O3/oxalate system under UV light irradiation (2018)
    Royal Society
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-28
    Description: The photodegradation of benzothiazole (BTH) in wastewater with the coexistence of iron oxides and oxalic acid under UV light irradiation was investigated. Results revealed that an effective heterogeneous photo-Fenton-like system could be set up for BTH abatement in wastewater under UV irradiation without additional H 2 O 2 , and 88.1% BTH was removed with the addition of 2.0 mmol l –1 oxalic acid and 0.2 g l –1 α-Fe 2 O 3 using a 500 W high-pressure mercury lamp (365 nm). The degradation of BTH in the photo-Fenton-like system followed the first-order kinetic model. The photoproduction of hydroxyl radicals (·OH) in different systems was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Identification of transformation products by using liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution tandem mass spectrometry provided information about six transformation products formed during the photodegradation of BTH. Further insight was obtained by monitoring concentrations of the sulfate ion (SO42–) and nitrate ion (NO3–) , which demonstrated that the intermediate products of BTH could be decomposed ultimately. Based on the results, the potential photodegradation pathway of BTH was also proposed.
    Keywords: environmental chemistry
    Electronic ISSN: 2054-5703
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by Royal Society
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  • 3
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    Optimal localization of diffusion sources in complex networks (2017)
    Royal Society
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    Publication Date: 2017-04-13
    Description: Locating sources of diffusion and spreading from minimum data is a significant problem in network science with great applied values to the society. However, a general theoretical framework dealing with optimal source localization is lacking. Combining the controllability theory for complex networks and compressive sensing, we develop a framework with high efficiency and robustness for optimal source localization in arbitrary weighted networks with arbitrary distribution of sources. We offer a minimum output analysis to quantify the source locatability through a minimal number of messenger nodes that produce sufficient measurement for fully locating the sources. When the minimum messenger nodes are discerned, the problem of optimal source localization becomes one of sparse signal reconstruction, which can be solved using compressive sensing. Application of our framework to model and empirical networks demonstrates that sources in homogeneous and denser networks are more readily to be located. A surprising finding is that, for a connected undirected network with random link weights and weak noise, a single messenger node is sufficient for locating any number of sources. The framework deepens our understanding of the network source localization problem and offers efficient tools with broad applications.
    Keywords: complexity, graph theory
    Electronic ISSN: 2054-5703
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by Royal Society
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  • 4
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    Fluorescent component and complexation mechanism of extracellular polymeric substances during dye wastewater biotreatment by anaerobic granular sludge (2018)
    Royal Society
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-06
    Description: In this study, methylene blue (MB) wastewater was biotreated by anaerobic granular sludge (AnGS), and the fluorescent components of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and complexation mechanism were evaluated. Based on the experimental data, the sorption of MB by both live and inactivated AnGS followed the pseudo-second-order model, and the adsorption isotherm conformed well to the Langmuir model. It was shown that the difference in the sorption of live and inactivated AnGS was not significant, indicating that the sorption is mainly a physical–chemical process and metabolically mediated diffusion is negligible. The interaction between EPS and MB was proved by three-dimensional excitation–emission matrix (3D-EEM) and synchronous fluorescence spectra. 3D-EEM indicated that protein (PN)-like substances were the main peaks of EPS, and gradually quenched with increase of MB concentrations. According to synchronous fluorescence spectra, the main fluorescence quenching was caused by PN-like and humic-like fractions, and belonged to the static type of quenching. FTIR spectra demonstrated that hydroxyl and amino groups played a major role in MB sorption.
    Keywords: spectroscopy, environmental chemistry
    Electronic ISSN: 2054-5703
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by Royal Society
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  • 5
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    BVOCs emission in a semi-arid grassland under climate warming and nitrogen deposition (2012)
    Copernicus
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    Publication Date: 2012-04-26
    Description: Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) profoundly affect atmospheric chemistry and ecosystem functioning. BVOCs emission and their responses to global change are still unclear in grasslands, which cover one quarter of the Earth's land surface and are currently undergoing the largest changes. Over two growing seasons, we conducted a field experiment in a semi-arid grassland (Inner Mongolia, China) to examine the emission and the responses of BVOCs emissions to warming and nitrogen deposition. The natural emission rate (NER) of monoterpene (dominant BVOCs here) is 107 ± 16 μg m−2 h−1 in drought 2007, and 266 ± 53 μg m−2 h−1 in wet 2008, respectively. Warming decreased the standard emission factor (SEF) by 24% in 2007, while it increased by 43% in 2008. The exacerbated soil moisture loss caused by warming in dry season might be responsible for the decrease of SEF in 2007. A possible threshold of soil moisture (8.2% (v/v)), which controls the direction of warming effects on monoterpene emission, existed in the semiarid grassland. Nitrogen deposition decreased the coverage of Artemisia frigida and hence reduced the NER by 24% across the two growing seasons. These results suggest that the grasslands dominated by the extended Artemisia frigida are an important source for BVOCs, while the responses of their emissions to global changes are more uncertain since they depend on multifactorial in-situ conditions.
    Print ISSN: 1680-7316
    Electronic ISSN: 1680-7324
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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  • 6
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    Contrasting pH buffering patterns in neutral-alkaline soils along a 3600 km transect in northern China (2015)
    Copernicus
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-17
    Description: Soil pH buffering capacity (pHBC) plays a crucial role in predicting acidification rates, yet its large-scale patterns and controls are poorly understood, especially for neutral-alkaline soils. Here, we evaluated the spatial patterns and drivers of pHBC along a 3600 km long transect (1900 km sub-transect with carbonate containing soils and 1700 km sub-transect with non-carbonate containing soils) across northern China. Soil pHBC was greater in the carbonate containing soils than in the non-carbonate containing soils. Acid addition decreased soil pH in the non-carbonate containing soils more markedly than in the carbonate containing soils. Within the carbonate soil sub-transect, soil pHBC was positively correlated with cation exchange capacity (CEC), carbonate content and exchangeable sodium (Na) concentration, but negatively correlated with initial pH and clay content, and not correlated with soil organic carbon (SOC) content. Within the non-carbonate sub-transect, soil pHBC was positively related to initial pH, clay content, CEC and exchangeable Na concentration, but not related to SOC content. Carbonate content was the primary determinant of pHBC in the carbonate containing soils and CEC was the main determinant of buffering capacity in the non-carbonate containing soils. Soil pHBC was positively related to aridity index and carbonate content across the carbonate containing soil sub-transect. Our results indicated that mechanisms controlling pHBC differ among neutral-alkaline soils of northern China, especially between carbonate and non-carbonate containing soils, leading to different rates, risks, and impacts of acidification. This understanding should be incorporated into the acidification risk assessment and landscape management in a changing world.
    Print ISSN: 1810-6277
    Electronic ISSN: 1810-6285
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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  • 7
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    Carbon and nitrogen stocks in particle-size fractions of topsoil along a 3000 km aridity gradient in northern China (2016)
    Copernicus
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    Publication Date: 2016-01-18
    Description: Climate factors such as aridity significantly influence soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) stocks in terrestrial ecosystems. Further, soil composition plays an important role in driving changes of soil C and N stocks at regional scale. However, it remains uncertain whether such changes result from the variation of different soil particle-size factions or the C and N concentrations in those fractions. We examined the distribution of total C and N in both bulk soil and different soil particle-size fractions, including sand (53-2000 μm), silt (2-53 μm) and clay (
    Print ISSN: 1810-6277
    Electronic ISSN: 1810-6285
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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  • 8
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    Changes in seasonal snow liquid water content during the snowmelt period in the Western Tianshan Mountains, China (2012)
    Copernicus
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    Publication Date: 2012-09-27
    Description: Snow liquid water content is a very important parameter for snow hydrological processes, avalanche research and snow cover mapping by remote sensing. Snow liquid water content was measured with a portable instrument (Snow Fork) in the Tianshan Station for Snow Cover and Avalanche Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences during the snowmelt period in spring 2010. This study analyzed the temporal and spatial distribution of snow liquid water content in different weather conditions. The average liquid water content of snow in the whole layer exponentially increased and can be calculated using a regression function of prior moving average temperature. The proportion of net radiation, sensible heat flux and latent heat flux in total energy changed in different snowmelt period. During the pre-snowmelt period (0.3% ≤ Wvol 〈 1%), snow liquid water content and its temporal variation were relatively small, with liquid water accumulated in the coarse snow layer. During the mid-snowmelt period (1% ≤ Wvol 〈 2.5%), the variation was significant in the upper layer and decreased drastically during the snowfall and the following one to two days. Only the temporal variation decreased after rain or snow (ROS) events. During the late-snowmelt period (Wvol ≥ 2.5%), the distribution and variation of every snow layer showed a~uniform trend, and the effect of ROS events on liquid water content only occurred during rainfall and snowfall.
    Print ISSN: 1994-0432
    Electronic ISSN: 1994-0440
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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  • 9
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    Rn and CO2 geochemistry of soil gas across the active fault zones in the capital area of China (2014)
    Copernicus
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    Publication Date: 2014-02-20
    Description: The present work is proposed to investigate the spatiotemporal variations of soil gas Rn and CO2 across the active faults in the capital area of China, for the understanding of fault activities and the assessment of seismic hazard. A total of 342 soil gas sampling sites were measured twice in 2011 and 2012 along seven profiles across four faults. The results of soil gas surveys show that in each profile, due to the variation of gas emission rate, the concentrations of Rn and CO2 changed in the vicinity of faults. Spatial distributions of Rn and CO2 in the study areas were different from each other, which was attributed to soil types affecting the existence of Rn and CO2. Compared with 2011 soil gas survey, the increases of Rn and CO2 concentrations in 2012 were related to the enhancement of seismic activities in the capital area of China. Our results indicate that special attention for seismic monitoring should be paid to Xinbaoan-Shacheng Fault and the north east segment of Tangshan Fault in the future.
    Electronic ISSN: 2195-9269
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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  • 10
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    Rn and CO2 geochemistry of soil gas across the active fault zones in the capital area of China (2014)
    Copernicus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-10-24
    Description: The present work is proposed to investigate the spatiotemporal variations in soil gas Rn and CO2 across the active faults in the capital area of China in order to understand fault activities and assess seismic hazard. A total of 342 soil gas sampling sites were measured twice in 2011 and 2012 along seven profiles and across four faults. The results of soil gas surveys show that, in each profile, due to the variation in gas emission rate, the concentrations of Rn and CO2 changed in the vicinity of faults. Spatial distributions of Rn and CO2 in the study areas were different from each other, which was attributed to soil types affecting the existence of Rn and CO2. Compared with the measurement result of 2011, the increasing amplitude of average concentration value of Rn and CO2 in profiles in 2012 ranged from 30.2 to 123.4% and 66.3 to 131.7%, respectively, which were coincident with the enhancement of seismic activities in the capital area of China. Our results indicate that special attention with regard to seismic monitoring should be paid to the Xinbaoan–Shacheng Fault and the northeastern segment of the Tangshan Fault in the future.
    Print ISSN: 1561-8633
    Electronic ISSN: 1684-9981
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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