Call number:
AWI G3-20-93399
Description / Table of Contents:
This book provides a cross-disciplinary overview of permafrost and the carbon cycle by providing an introduction into the geographical distribution of permafrost, with a focus on the distribution of permafrost and its soil carbon reservoirs. The chapters explain the basic physical properties and processes of permafrost soils: ice, mineral and organic components, and how these interact with climate, vegetation and geomorphological processes. In particular, the book covers the role of the large quantities of ice in many permafrost soils which are crucial to understanding carbon cycle processes.
An explanation is given on how permafrost becomes loaded with ice and carbon. Gas hydrates are also introduced. Structures and processes formed by the intense freeze-thaw action in the active layer are considered (e.g. ice wedging, cryoturbation), and the processes that occur as the permafrost thaws, (pond and lake formation, erosion).
The book introduces soil carbon accumulation and decomposition mechanisms and how these are modified in a permafrost environment. A separate chapter deals with deep permafrost carbon, gas reservoirs and recently discovered methane emission phenomena from regions such as Northwest Siberia and the Siberian yedoma permafrost.
Type of Medium:
Monograph available for loan
Pages:
xv, 508 Seiten
,
Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten
ISBN:
9783030313784
Language:
English
Note:
Contents
1 Introduction
1.1 What Is Permafrost and Where Does it Occur?
1.2 Research on Permafrost: A Shifting Focus from Ice to Carbon
1.3 The Permafrost Carbon Feedback
1.4 Setting the Stage
1.4.1 Climate in Permafrost Areas
1.4.2 Vegetation in Permafrost Areas
1.4.3 Peatlands and Wetlands
1.4.4 Soils
1.4.5 Ice Age Permafrost
1.4.6 Geomorphology
1.5 Recent and Future Climate Change
1.6 The Uncertain Future of Permafrost
References
2 The Energy Balance of Permafrost Soils and Ecosystems
2.1 The Radiation Balance
2.2 Latent, Sensible and Conductive Heat Fluxes
2.2.1 Partitioning of the Radiative Flux into Turbulent and Conductive Fluxes
2.2.2 Measurement Uncertainty
2.3 Heat Balance of Vegetation Cover
2.4 Seasonality of the Surface Heat Balance Illustrated by Data
2.4.1 Summer
2.4.2 Winter Cooling
2.4.3 Changes in the Heat Balance and Climate Change
2.5 Ground Heat Flux
2.5.1 Soil Profile Scale
2.5.2 The Effect of Ground Surface Conditions on Soil Temperature and Heat Flux
2.5.3 Large Scale Approaches
2.6 Deeper Permafrost Temperature Profile and Lateral Heat Fluxes
2.7 Lakes and Other Water Bodies
References
3 The Role of Ground Ice
3.1 Basic Soil Ice Characteristics
3.2 Ice Segregation and Frost Heave
3.2.1 Ice Segregation Process
3.2.2 Environmental Conditions for Ice Segregation
3.3 Cracking and Wedging
3.3.1 Processes of Ice Wedge Formation
3.3.2 Ice Wedges in the Landscape
3.4 Frost Mounds
3.4.1 Palsas and Similar Features
3.4.2 Pingos
3.5 Cryoturbation and Patterned Ground
3.6 Slope Process: Solifluction and Cryogenic Landslides
3.7 Contribution of Ice to Rock Weathering
3.8 Ice and Hydrology
3.8.1 Active Layer Hydrological Processes
3.8.2 Runoff and River Discharge
3.9 Thaw Lakes
3.9.1 Thaw Lake Formation and Geomorphology
3.9.2 Thaw Lake Disappearance
3.10 Mapping Ice Content
References
4 Permafrost Carbon Quantities and Fluxes
4.1 The Ecosystem Carbon Balance
4.1.1 Terrestrial Environments
4.1.2 Lakes
4.1.3 The Greenhouse Gas Balance
4.2 Vegetation Primary Production
4.2.1 Photosynthesis and Carbon Allocation
4.2.2 Primary Production in a Cold Climate
4.3 Vegetation Composition: Effects on the Carbon Cycle
4.4 Carbon Quantity in Permafrost Soils and Frozen Deposits
4.4.1 Yedoma Deposits
4.4.2 Peat
4.4.3 Alluvial and Lake Sediments
4.4.4 Landscape-Scale Variation of the Soil Organic Carbon Stock
4.5 Soil Organic Matter Quality and Decomposition
4.5.1 Organic Matter Quality in Permafrost
4.5.2 Carbon Conservation in Permafrost
4.5.3 Decomposer Communities in Cold and Waterlogged Soils
4.5.4 Organic Matter Decomposition Reaction Rates and Their Dependence on Temperature
4.5.5 Nutrient Cycles and Nitrous Oxide
4.5.6 Ecosystem Methane Emission
4.6 Ecosystem Carbon Flux Data
4.6.1 Quantifying Ecosystem Carbon Fluxes of Permafrost Ecosystems by Surface Measurements
4.6.2 Temporal and Spatial Variability of Permafrost Ecosystem Carbon Fluxes
References
5 Permafrost in Transition
5.1 Which Changes?
5.2 Diffuse Permafrost Thaw
5.2.1 Observations of Active Layer Thickness and Surface Subsidence
5.2.2 Relation of Active Layer Thickness with Climate Change
5.2.3 Carbon Cycle Effects of Active Layer and Soil Temperature Change
5.2.4 Self-Heating Effect
5.3 Permafrost Thaw and Geomorphological Change
5.3.1 Thaw Pond and Fen Development
5.3.2 Thaw Lake Expansion
5.3.3 Thaw Lake Carbon Cycle Change
5.3.4 Erosion
5.4 Hydrological Changes
5.4.1 Water Balance: Groundwater Hydrology and Permafrost Thaw
5.4.2 Water Balance: Precipitation and Evapotranspiration
5.4.3 River Discharge Changes and Flooding
5.4.4 Water Transport of Carbon and Nutrients
5.4.5 Soil Hydrology Changes – Wetting or Drying?
5.4.6 Soil Hydrology Changes – Carbon Cycle Effects
References
6 Vegetation Change
6.1 Zonal Vegetation Shifts
6.1.1 Present Climate-Related Vegetation Change
6.1.2 Arctic Greening and Browning
6.1.3 Feedbacks on Climate and Soil Temperature
6.1.4 Carbon Balance Effects of Vegetation Change
6.1.5 Fire
6.2 Thawing Permafrost and Vegetation
6.2.1 Effects of Permafrost Thaw on Vegetation: Nutrient Release
6.2.2 Below-Ground Interaction of Root Systems with Nutrients and Soil Carbon
6.2.3 Abrupt Thaw and Vegetation
6.2.4 Resilience
6.3 Human Vegetation Disturbance: Industrialisation and Agriculture
References
7 Methane
7.1 Deep CH4 Sources
7.2 Climate Change Related Release of Deep Permafrost CH4
7.3 Cryovolcanism: Gas Emission Craters
7.4 CH4 Emissions in Perspective: Ecosystem Emissons, CO2 and N2O
References
8 Models: Forecasting the Present and Future of Permafrost
8.1 Land Surface Models
8.2 Permafrost Models
8.3 The Carbon Cycle in Models
8.4 Geomorphology: Lake Formation and Erosion in Models
8.5 Outlook
References
Glossary
Index
Location:
AWI Reading room
Branch Library:
AWI Library
Permalink
