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  • 1
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    Phenotypic variation in growth and biomass distribution for two advanced-generation pedigrees of hybrid poplar (2005)
    Canadian Science Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2005-08-01
    Description: To assess the genetic control of biomass distribution in trees, phenotypic variation in the distribution of dry mass to stems, branches, leaves, coarse roots, and fine roots was examined in two hybrid poplar (Populus trichocarpa Torr. & A. Gray (T) × Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh. (D)) families grown under field conditions. Family 331 was an inbred F2 (TD × TD) pedigree, whereas family 13 was an outbred backcross BC1 (TD × D) pedigree. Fractional distribution of total whole-tree biomass to shoots and roots during their establishment year averaged (±SD) 0.62 ± 0.09 and 0.38 ± 0.09, respectively, across 247 genotypes in family 331, and 0.57 ± 0.06 and 0.43 ± 0.06, respectively, across 160 genotypes in family 13. In contrast, fractional distribution of total biomass in 2-year-old trees was 0.79 ± 0.04 to shoots and 0.21 ± 0.04 to roots. Allometric analysis indicated that as trees increased in age, biomass was preferentially distributed to stems and branches, whereas distribution to roots declined. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis for family 13 indicated 31 QTL (likelihood of odds 〉2.5) for traits measured. The percent phenotypic variation explained by any single QTL ranged from 7.5% to 18.3% and averaged 11.2% across all QTL. These results show that aboveground and belowground patterns of biomass distribution are under genetic control. This finding has wide-ranging implications for carbon sequestration, phytoremediation, and basic biological research in trees.
    Print ISSN: 0045-5067
    Electronic ISSN: 1208-6037
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Canadian Science Publishing
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  • 2
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    A decision support system that links short-term silvicultural operating plans with long-term forest-level strategic plans (1993)
    Canadian Science Publishing
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    Publication Date: 1993-06-01
    Description: This paper describes a decision support system that forest managers can use to help evaluate short-term, site-specific silvicultural operating plans in terms of their potential impact on long-term, forest-level strategic objectives. The system is based upon strategic and tactical forest-level silvicultural planning models that are linked with each other and with a geographical information system. Managers can first use the strategic mathematical programming model to develop broad silvicultural strategies based on aggregate timber strata. These strategies help them to subjectively delineate specific candidate sites that might be treated during the first 10 years of a much longer planning horizon using a geographical information system and to describe potential silvicultural prescriptions for each candidate site. The tactical model identifies an annual silvicultural schedule for these candidate sites in the first 10 years, and a harvesting and regeneration schedule by 10-year periods for aggregate timber strata for the remainder of the planning horizon, that will maximize the sustainable yield of one or more timber species in the whole forest, given the candidate sites and treatments specified by the managers. The system is demonstrated on a 90 000 - ha area in northeastern Ontario.
    Print ISSN: 0045-5067
    Electronic ISSN: 1208-6037
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Canadian Science Publishing
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  • 3
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    ForestHealth, an expert advisory system for assessing foliar and crown health of selected northern hardwoods (1992)
    Canadian Science Publishing
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    Publication Date: 1992-11-01
    Description: Assessment of tree health requires accurate estimates of crown condition and identification of specific biotic and abiotic agents that may affect crowns, stems, or roots. ForestHealth, an expert advisory system written in C language for the Macintosh™ platform, provides a diagnostic module and two training modules. The diagnostic module provides guidance in identifying foliar symptoms and the common insects, diseases, and abiotic disorders found on leaves of: sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh.), red maple (Acerrubrum L.), black cherry (Prunusserotina Ehrh.), northern red oak (Quercusrubra L.), and white oak (Quercusalba L.). Graphical user interfaces are central to both training modules. The Foliar Severity routine trains users to categorize injury (percent leaf area) on single leaves using a modified Horsfall–Barratt scale. The Crown Dieback routine displays different types and degrees of crown injury that users must identify and classify. Each crown is unique, generated in "real time" using tree–branch parameters selected by the user. Since the crowns are created on a three-dimensional basis, multiple views are possible. Written output from training sessions or periodic checks provide quantitative information for quality assurance and quality control. ForestHealth provides diagnostic assistance, training, quality assurance and quality control data, and standardization for research or survey projects involving forest health.
    Print ISSN: 0045-5067
    Electronic ISSN: 1208-6037
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Canadian Science Publishing
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  • 4
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    Using multispectral satellite imagery to estimate leaf area and response to silvicultural treatments in loblolly pine stands (2006)
    Canadian Science Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2006-06-01
    Description: The relationship between leaf area index (LAI) of loblolly pine plantations and the broadband simple ratio (SR) vegetation index calculated from Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) data was examined. An equation was derived to estimate LAI from readily available Landsat 7 ETM+ data. The equation developed to predict LAI with Landsat 7 ETM+ data was tested with ground LAI measurements taken in 12 plots. The root mean square error of prediction was 0.29, an error of approximately 14% in prediction. The ability of Landsat 7 ETM+ data to consistently estimate SR over time was tested using two scenes acquired on different dates during the winter (December to early March). Comparison between the two images on a pixel-by-pixel basis showed that approximately 96% of the pixels had a difference of
    Print ISSN: 0045-5067
    Electronic ISSN: 1208-6037
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Canadian Science Publishing
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  • 5
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    Optimizing soil and plant responses to land-applied manure nutrients in the Great Plains of North America (2006)
    Canadian Science Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2006-08-01
    Description: Animal manures are recognized as valuable sources of plant nutrients in cropping systems and also play a role in soil improvement through the input of organic matter. Using recent research examples from Saskatchewan and Colorado, this paper covers beneficial management practices for effective recycling of manure nutrients applicable to the Great Plains region of North America. Challenges in using animal manures as fertilizers include low nutrient content per unit weight, variability and availability of nutrient content, and a balance of available nutrients that often does not meet the relative nutrient requirements of the crop. Examples of imbalances that may arise requiring special management considerations include low available N content relative to available P for many solid manures, and low available S relative to N for some liquid manures. Application decisions are best supported by manure and soil analyses, with nutrient balance issues addressed by rate adjustments and the addition of supplemental commercial fertilizer to avoid deficiency or loading of specific nutrients. Placement of manure into the soil by injection or incorporation is desirable in that nutrient losses by volatilization and runoff are reduced and crop recovery is increased. Balancing the rate of nutrient application with crop requirement and removal over time is key to avoiding nutrient loading on soils receiving repeated applications of manure. Key words: Manure management, nutrient cycling, beneficial management practices, Great Plains
    Print ISSN: 0008-4271
    Electronic ISSN: 1918-1841
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Canadian Science Publishing
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  • 6
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    Influence of land classification systems on timber harvest scheduling models (1990)
    Canadian Science Publishing
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    Publication Date: 1990-02-01
    Description: Differences between linear program based timber harvest schedules that use decision variables based on stand types (homogeneous but generally noncontiguous areas) and management units (generally heterogeneous but contiguous areas) were investigated. It was proposed that (i) optimal harvest schedules identified using stand type decision variables should have larger present net value objective function values than those identified using models with management unit decision variables, (ii) optimal present net value objective function values in management unit models should decline as management unit size is increased, and (iii) as the number of management choices increases, differences between stand type and management unit optimal present net values should decrease. The propositions were tested using 48 linear programming timber harvest scheduling models constructed for the University of California's Blodgett Forest Experiment Station. These models, which form 12 model groups, differ in the numbers and type of prescriptions considered for existing or regenerated stands, and harvest flow or ending inventory policies. The results generally supported the propositions and indicate that the number of management choices considered in the timber harvest scheduling model is probably a more important factor influencing the optimal harvest schedules than is land classification.
    Print ISSN: 0045-5067
    Electronic ISSN: 1208-6037
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Canadian Science Publishing
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  • 7
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    Sensitivity of four hardwood species to ambient ozone in north central Pennsylvania (1992)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-11-01
    Description: Studies were performed to determine the injury and growth response of four native tree species to ambient ozone on ridgetop sites of the Allegheny Plateau of north central Pennsylvania. Open-top chambers were established at each of three sites located in Clear Creek State Park, Jefferson County (41°9′39″N, 79°02′35″W), Elliott State Park, Clearfield County (41°07′02″N, 78°31′40″W), and Tiadaghton, Lycoming County (41°20′05″N, 77°26′57″W). Seedlings of black cherry (Prunusserotina Ehrh.), yellow-poplar (Liriodendrontulipifera L.), red oak (Quercusrubra L.), and red maple (Acerrubrum L.) were exposed to ambient air or to charcoal-filtered air containing approximately 95, 60, or 40% of ambient ozone in randomized, complete blocks in 1988 and 1989. Black cherry seedlings were also exposed in 1990. Ozone was greatest in 1988 at all sites, and total ozone during the 3-year study was greatest at the westernmost sites (Clear Creek and Elliott). Foliar stipple injury of black cherry and yellow-poplar were correlated positively (p 
    Print ISSN: 0045-5067
    Electronic ISSN: 1208-6037
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Canadian Science Publishing
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  • 8
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    The international impact of forestry research and a comparison with agricultural and fisheries research (1994)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-02-01
    Description: Setting research priorities is a challenge faced by many organizations. A framework has been developed to support decision making on research priorities. The potential welfare effects of research on different commodities are quantified using a multiregion trade model. The approach offers a means to collapse, into systematic analysis, many of the criteria and (or) objectives and the myriad of variables that drive the research policy process and the realization of welfare gains from research. Specific model variables include product definition, production and consumption information, prices, supply and demand elasticities, potential spillover effects of research, assessments of the relative strength of different research systems, ceiling levels of research adoption, and assessments of research and adoption lags. An international analysis shows considerable diversity in the potential gains from forestry research between both products and regions. Also, comparisons between sectors shows that some forest products are likely to be ranked in the highest priority research groupings along with agricultural products for most regions of the world considered in this analysis.
    Print ISSN: 0045-5067
    Electronic ISSN: 1208-6037
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Canadian Science Publishing
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  • 9
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    Short-day treatment alters Douglas-fir seedling dehardening and transplant root proliferation at varying rhizosphere temperatures (2008)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-06-01
    Description: We tested effects of shortened day length during nursery culture on Douglas-fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedling development at dormancy release. Seedlings from a 42°N source were grown either under ambient photoperiods (long-day (LD)) or with a 28 day period of 9 h light : 15 h dark photoperiods (short-day (SD)). Seedlings were periodically removed from freezer storage from January to May. Sensitivity of plant tissues to cold temperatures was investigated via electrolyte leakage at nine test temperatures ranging from 2 to –40 °C. New root growth was assessed with rhizosphere temperatures of 10, 15, 20, and 25 °C. From 2 to –13 °C, there was no difference between treatments in cold hardiness. However, at or below –18 °C, LD seedlings exhibited higher indices of damage than SD seedlings. The LT50 (temperature at which 50% cell electrolyte leakage occurred) was consistently lower for SD than LD seedlings. Rhizosphere temperature differentially influenced new root proliferation: LD seedlings had greater new root production than SD seedlings at 20 °C, whereas the opposite response was detected at 10 °C. Our results confirm photoperiod sensitivity of Douglas-fir sources from relatively low (i.e., 
    Print ISSN: 0045-5067
    Electronic ISSN: 1208-6037
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Canadian Science Publishing
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  • 10
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    Growth, photosynthesis, and herbicide tolerance of genetically modified hybrid poplar (1994)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-12-01
    Description: Hybrid poplar clone NC–5339 (Populusalba × Populusgrandidentata cv. Crandon) was genetically modified for glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine) tolerance by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation with genetic constructs (pPMG 85/587 and pCGN 1107) that included the mutant aroA gene for 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase (EC 2.5.1.19) and the neomycin phosphotransferase selectable marker gene. pCGN 1107 also harbored the coding sequence for a chloroplast transit peptide and the CaMV 35S promoter fused to the mutant aroA gene. Transformants were selected for kanamycin tolerance, and integration of the aroA gene was verified by Southern blot analysis. Cuttings of NC-5339 and the derived transformants were rooted and grown in glasshouses at separate locations, with maximum photosynthetic photon flux density of 1600 and 750 μmol•m−2•s−1. Productivity was assessed by growth studies and photosynthesis measurements at both locations. Glyphosate tolerance was tested by (i) measurement of chlorophyll concentration in herbicide-treated leaf discs and (ii) whole-plant spray tests. Plants transformed with construct pCGN 1107 were the most herbicide tolerant. Perhaps high-level expression of the aroA gene by the CaMV 35S promoter, transport of mutant EPSP synthase into the chloroplasts, or both facilitated glyphosate tolerance. Plants grown at higher photosynthetic photon flux densities (1600 vs. 750 μmol•m−2•s−1) had significantly higher maximum net photosynthesis (19.8 vs. 16.2 μmol•m−2•s−1) and more biomass accumulation (47.6 vs. 33.7 g). However, there were no significant differences between NC-5339 and transformants within location for net photosynthesis or any growth parameter. Genetic modification of hybrid poplar NC-5339 for glyphosate tolerance did not adversely affect plant productivity at either location.
    Print ISSN: 0045-5067
    Electronic ISSN: 1208-6037
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Canadian Science Publishing
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