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  • 1
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    The Early Medieval Origin of Perth, Scotland (2007)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-01-01
    Description: The radiocarbon results (and Bayesian modeling) of 15 samples of carbonized food residues removed from the external surface of rim sherds of cooking pots indicate that shellyware pottery first appeared in Perth, Scotland, around cal AD 910–1020 (95% probability) and that it had disappeared by cal AD 1020–1140 (95% probability). Previously, it had been suggested that this pottery could not date to before AD 1150. These data, together with 14C analyses carried out on leather artifacts and a sample of wattle from a ditch lining, also demonstrate that there was occupation in Perth about 100 yr or more prior to the granting of royal burgh status to Perth in the 1120s.
    Print ISSN: 0033-8222
    Electronic ISSN: 1945-5755
    Topics: Archaeology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Published by Cambridge University Press
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  • 2
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    New Dating Evidence for North Sea Trade Between England, Scotland, and Norway in the 11th Century AD (2010)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-01-01
    Description: This study follows on from previous research at Perth, Scotland, in which we dated carbonized food residues removed from the external surface of rim sherds of cooking pots of London Sandy Shellyware pottery (Museum of London Pottery Fabric Code SSW). The 15 residues that were dated produced 14C ages between 910 ± 35 and 1085 ± 40 BP. We have now carried out radiocarbon measurements on similar residues from the same fabric obtained from the Billingsgate excavations in London and the Bryggen excavations in Bergen, Norway. The London and Bergen measurements gave age ranges of 905 ± 35 to 1115 ± 35 BP and 920 ± 35 to 1055 ± 35 BP, respectively, both very similar to the Perth age range. The measurements at each site are in agreement with our Bayesian model assumption that they belong to a single phase of activity. The model estimates the introduction of London Sandy Shellyware in London to cal AD 820–1020, in Perth to cal AD 930–1020, and in Bergen to cal AD 980–1030 (95% probability). Further modeling predicts that it fell out of use in the reverse order.
    Print ISSN: 0033-8222
    Electronic ISSN: 1945-5755
    Topics: Archaeology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Published by Cambridge University Press
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  • 3
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    Pre-Colonial State Systems in Southeast Asia. Edited by Anthony Reid and Lance Castles. Kuala Lumpur, October 1975. Pp. x, 135. (Monographs of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, No. 6) (1977)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 1977-03-01
    Print ISSN: 0022-4634
    Electronic ISSN: 1474-0680
    Topics: Geosciences , Political Science
    Published by Cambridge University Press
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  • 4
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    The Integrity of Southeast Asian History (1973)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 1973-09-01
    Description: At the end of a Cornell seminar a few weeks ago, a student remarked that the great difficulty in studying Southeast Asian history lay in the immense size of the area, and in the fact that it contained so many different countries. I agreed, but commented that they all belonged to Southeast Asia, and I went on, “If you were. to take indigenes from the different countries and dress them all exactly alike, it would be extremely difficult, if not impossible, to identify the country of origin of each and all.”
    Print ISSN: 0022-4634
    Electronic ISSN: 1474-0680
    Topics: Geosciences , Political Science
    Published by Cambridge University Press
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  • 5
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    Detection of the Depth-Hoar Layer in the Snow-Pack of the Arctic Coastal Plain of Alaska, U.S.A., Using Satellite Data (1986)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 1986-01-01
    Description: The snow-pack on the Arctic Coastal Plain of Alaska has a well-developed depth-hoar layer which forms each year at the base of the snow-pack due to upward vapor transfer resulting from a temperature gradient in the snow-pack. The thickness of the depth-hoar layer tends to increase inland where greater temperature extremes (in particular, lower minimum temperatures) permit larger temperature gradients to develop within the snow-pack. Brightness temperature (TB) data were analyzed from October through May for four winters using the 37 GHz horizontally polarized Nimbus-7 Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR). By mid-winter each year, a decrease inTBof approximately 20K was found between coastal and inland sites on the Arctic Coastal Plain of Alaska. Modeling has indicated that a thicker depth-hoar layer in the inland sites could be responsible for the lowerTBs. The large grain-sizes of the depth-hoar crystals scatter the upwelling radiation moreso than do smaller crystals, and greater scattering lowers the microwaveTB. Using a two-layered radiative transfer model, the crystal diameter in the top layer was assumed to be 0.50 mm. The crystals in the depth-hoar layer may be 5–10 mm in diameter but the effective crystal diameter used in the radiative-transfer model is 1.40 mm. The crystal size used in the model had to be adjusted downward, relative to the actual crystal size, because the hollow, cup-shaped depth-hoar crystals are not as effective at scattering the microwave radiation as are spherical crystals that are assumed in the model. In the model, when the thickness of the depth-hoar layer was increased from 5 cm to 10 cm, a 21K decrease inTBresulted. This is comparable to the decrease inTBobserved from coastal to inland sites in the study area.
    Print ISSN: 0022-1430
    Electronic ISSN: 1727-5652
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of International Glaciological Society.
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  • 6
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    Measurements of the mean force on a particle near a boundary in turbulent flow (1988)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 1988-02-01
    Description: The transport of particles through gaseous systems is controlled by three factors: their arrival to the surface; whether or not they bounce upon impact; and when (if ever) they are resuspended from the surface. One of the parameters required in determining whether or not a particle is suspended is the lift force acting on the particle. We demonstrate that the fluid lift forces acting on particles as small as 1 μm in diameter can be modelled by particles of several mm in diameter. However, the forces involved in modelling such small particles are around 10−8 N, which is several orders of magnitude smaller than reported in published measurements of fluid lift forces. A system to determine such lift forces has been developed and is described. Measurements of the mean force acting on particles on both rough and smooth surfaces are presented.The data recorded here for the mean fluid lift force on a sphere on a smooth surface are in good agreement with the relationship [ F^{+} = (20.90pm 1.57)(a^{+})^{2.31pm 0.02}, ] where F+ is the non-dimensional force and a+ the non-dimensional particle radius scaled on fluid-boundary-layer parameters. It was observed that surface roughness can change the force by up to a factor of six.
    Print ISSN: 0022-1120
    Electronic ISSN: 1469-7645
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Published by Cambridge University Press
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  • 7
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    Evaluation of remote-sensing techniques to measure decadal-scale changes of Hofsjökull ice cap, Iceland (2000)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-01-01
    Description: Dynamic surficial changes and changes in the position of the firn line and the areal extent of Hofsjökull ice cap, Iceland, were studied through analysis of a time series (1973–98) of synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) and Landsat data. A digital elevation model of Hofsjökull, which was constructed using SAR interferometry, was used to plot the SAR backscatter coefficient (σ°) vs elevation and air temperature along transects across the ice cap. Seasonal and daily σ° patterns are caused by freezing or thawing of the ice-cap surface, and abrupt changes in σ° are noted when the air temperature ranges from ∼−5° to 0°C. Late-summer 1997 σ° (SAR) and reflectance (Landsat) boundaries agree and appear to be coincident with the firn line and a SAR σ° boundary that can be seen in the January 1998 SAR image. In January 1994 through 1998, the elevation of this σ° boundary on the ice cap was quite stable, ranging from 1000 to 1300 m, while the equilibrium-line altitude, as measured on the ground, varied considerably. Thus the equilibrium line may be obscured by firn from previous years. Techniques are established to measure long-term changes in the elevation of the firn line and changes in the position of the ice margin.
    Print ISSN: 0022-1430
    Electronic ISSN: 1727-5652
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of International Glaciological Society.
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  • 8
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    Soil moisture changes under grassland as measured by neutron probe in midland England (1983)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 1983-10-01
    Description: SUMMARYThe moisture regimes of three soils under grassland in midland England were investigated using a neutron probe moisture meter from May 1976 until August 1978. The main aim of the experiments was to compare the differential build-up of moisture deficits in the three soils of different texture by monitoring moisture extraction down to 1·50 m depth. The moisture deficits measured by neutron probe were also compared with those predicted from meteorological data using the Grindley (1970) model.The sandy (Newport) soil dried out more quickly and more completely than the clayey (Worcester) or fine loamy over clayey stagnogley (Salop) soil, particularly in 1976. This reflected the fact that the former had the smallest available water, most of which is held at low suctions, whereas the Salop soil, with much of its water bound at high suctions, continued to supply small amounts to plant roots when the available water in both the other soils was exhausted.The soil moisture deficits determined from neutron probe measurements were much larger at all three sites in 1976 than in the following 2 years. The deficit increased more slowly in the Salop soil than in the other two in the early part of 1976 and more slowly than predicted by the Grindley model. However, during July and August of the same year, deficits in the Salop and Worcester soils increased more quickly than predicted and maximum deficits were in proportion to the available water capacities of the three soils. Deficits in 1978 were very small (less than 70 mm) in all three soils because of the wetter weather.The results of this neutron probe study clearly show that the patterns of moisture extraction and the maximum deficits which developed in the three soils, particularly in 1976, are closely related to their physical properties, as determined from undisturbed soil cores.
    Print ISSN: 0021-8596
    Electronic ISSN: 1469-5146
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Cambridge University Press
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  • 9
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    Detection of the Depth-Hoar Layer in the Snow-Pack of the Arctic Coastal Plain of Alaska, U.S.A., Using Satellite Data (1986)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 1986-01-01
    Description: The snow-pack on the Arctic Coastal Plain of Alaska has a well-developed depth-hoar layer which forms each year at the base of the snow-pack due to upward vapor transfer resulting from a temperature gradient in the snow-pack. The thickness of the depth-hoar layer tends to increase inland where greater temperature extremes (in particular, lower minimum temperatures) permit larger temperature gradients to develop within the snow-pack. Brightness temperature (TB) data were analyzed from October through May for four winters using the 37 GHz horizontally polarized Nimbus-7 Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR). By mid-winter each year, a decrease in TB of approximately 20K was found between coastal and inland sites on the Arctic Coastal Plain of Alaska. Modeling has indicated that a thicker depth-hoar layer in the inland sites could be responsible for the lower TBs. The large grain-sizes of the depth-hoar crystals scatter the upwelling radiation moreso than do smaller crystals, and greater scattering lowers the microwave TB. Using a two-layered radiative transfer model, the crystal diameter in the top layer was assumed to be 0.50 mm. The crystals in the depth-hoar layer may be 5–10 mm in diameter but the effective crystal diameter used in the radiative-transfer model is 1.40 mm. The crystal size used in the model had to be adjusted downward, relative to the actual crystal size, because the hollow, cup-shaped depth-hoar crystals are not as effective at scattering the microwave radiation as are spherical crystals that are assumed in the model. In the model, when the thickness of the depth-hoar layer was increased from 5 cm to 10 cm, a 21K decrease in TB resulted. This is comparable to the decrease in TB observed from coastal to inland sites in the study area.
    Print ISSN: 0022-1430
    Electronic ISSN: 1727-5652
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of International Glaciological Society.
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  • 10
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    The use of microwave radiometer data for characterizing snow storage in western China (1992)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-01-01
    Description: In this study a new microwave snow retrieval algorithm was developed to account for the effects of atmospheric emission on microwave radiation over high-elevation land areas. This resulted in improved estimates of snow-covered area in western China when compared with the meteorological station data and with snow maps derived from visible imagery from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program satellite. Some improvement in snow-depth estimation was also achieved, but a useful level of accuracy will require additional modifications tested against more extensive ground data.
    Print ISSN: 0260-3055
    Electronic ISSN: 1727-5644
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of International Glaciological Society.
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