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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Uptake of erythromycin by first-feeding sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka (Walbaum), fed live or freeze-dried enriched adult Artemia or medicated pellets (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 26 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The potential to use adult Artemia to deliver erythromycin to first-feeding sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka (Walbaum), was investigated in three trials. In the first trial, first-feeding sockeye were fed live erythromycin enriched adult Artemia or pellets containing equal amounts of erythromycin for 35 days. At the end of the trial, tissue erythromycin concentration of the fish fed the live Artemia was significantly greater (P 〈 0.05, 25.52 ± 1.29 μg mL−1; mean ± SEM), than the tissue concentration of the fish fed the pellets (0.72 ± 0.01 μg mL−1). In the second trial, first-feeding sockeye were fed either live or freeze-dried bioencapsulated erythromycin (adult Artemia) or pellets containing erythromycin daily for 21 days. Mean daily erythromycin concentration in fish fed the freeze-dried Artemia, live Artemia, or pellets did not differ significantly. In the third trial, apparent erythromycin digestibility was determined. Significantly more (P 〈 0.05) erythromycin was retained by juvenile sockeye fed freeze-dried bioencapsulated erythromycin (98.3 ± 1.0%) compared with medicated pellets (89.2 ± 1.7%). Uptake of bioencapsulated erythromycin from adult Artemia (live or freeze-dried) appears to be greater than uptake from pellets. Freeze-dried and live Artemia were equally effective at delivery suggesting enriched freeze-dried adult Artemia could be produced into a highly palatable, consistent, off-the-shelf product.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2761.2003.00450.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bioencapsulation of erythromycin using adult brine shrimp, Artemia franciscana (Latreille) (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 23 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Live adult brine shrimp, Artemia franciscana (Latreille), were enriched with erythromycin to determine if Artemia could accumulate therapeutic levels for subsequent feeding to young fish. Three trials were conducted to determine the erythromycin incorporation and survival rates of enriched Artemia when fed either liposomes containing erythromycin or various erythromycin suspensions. Erythromycin concentration in Artemia fed a liposome suspension was low (∼ 5 μg mL−1) relative to Artemia fed the direct suspension (〉 100 μg mL−1) over the same time period. When enriched with suspensions up to 1 g erythromycin L−1 sea water for 14 h, Artemia survival was not significantly affected (P 〉 0.05) relative to controls. Using a suspension of 1 g L−1, tissue erythromycin concentrations of 109 ± 16 μg erythromycin mL−1 Artemia homogenate (mean ± SEM) were achieved after 12 h. Concentrations above 170 μg mL−1 were obtained using suspensions of 2–5 g L−1, but Artemia survival significantly (P 〈 0.05) decreased.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2761.2000.00210.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acceptability of various microparticulate diets to first-feeding walleye Stizostedion vitreum larvae (2000)
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture nutrition 6 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2095
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The acceptability of eight diets made by a wide variety of microparticulate manufacturing processes was studied using first-feeding walleye Stizostedion vitreum larvae. Diets were formulated using a common dietary mix but differed in manufacture technique. The microparticulate diets fed were (1) carrageenan bound, (2) alginate bound, (3) starch/konjack bound, (4) microextruded/maurmurized (MEM), (5) zein bound, (6) carboxymethyl cellulose bound (CMC), (7) particle-assisted rotationally agglomerated (PARA) and (8) a commercial microparticulate diet (Fry Feed Kyowa B-700, FFK). Controls were groups fed live Artemia nauplii and unfed. Gut fullness was measured as the cross-sectional optical area of the bolus visible through the transparent body of the larvae using computer-aided image analysis. Feeding incidence on MEM particles (71 ± 8%, mean ± standard error), zein-bound particles (69 ± 7%), alginate-bound particles (68 ± 2%) and PARA particles (65 ± 6%) were not significantly different (P  0.05) from the feeding incidence for Artemia (71 ± 6%). FFK (49 ± 14%) and particles bound with carboxymethyl cellulose (27 ± 0.07%), starch (21 ± 10%) or carrageenan (20 ± 0.8%) had significantly (P 〈 0.05) lower feeding incidence. Larvae that did initiate feeding did not differ significantly (P 〉 0.05) in the amount of each microparticulate diet or Artemia consumed. This data indicates that once first-feeding walleye start on a diet, they will consume that diet to a similar fixed level of satiation. Given the differences in the amounts of water and nutrients in the various diets, more nutrients were delivered to the gut of walleye larvae feeding on microparticulate diets than on the Artemia control.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2095.2000.00104.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of salinity and temperature during incubation on hatching and development of lingcod Ophiodon elongatus Girard, embryos (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture research 36 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2109
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The interactive effects of salinity and temperature on development and hatching success of lingcod, Ophiodon elongatus Girard, were studied by incubating eggs at four temperatures (6, 9, 12 and 15°C) and five salinities (15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 g L−1). Hatch did not occur in any of the 15°C treatments. Degree days (°C days) to first hatch was not influenced by temperature or salinity, however, calendar days to first hatch differed significantly for temperature (P〈0.0001, 61±1, 44±1 and 35±1 days for 6, 9 and 12°C respectively). Degree days to 50% (427.1±4.2) hatch was not significantly influenced by temperature but was by salinity (P=0.0324). Viable hatch (live with no deformities, 74.1±4.0%) was greatest at 9°C and 25 g L−1 but not significantly different in the range of 20–30 g L−1. Larval length (9.4±0.13 mm) was greatest at 9°C and 20–30 g L−1. Temperature and salinity significantly influenced all categories of deformities with treatments at the upper (12°C and 35 g L−1) and lower limits (6°C and 15 g L−1) producing the greatest deformities. The optimal temperature and salinity for incubating Puget Sound lingcod eggs was found to be 9°C and 20–30 g L−1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2005.01346.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of recovery salinity on survival of acutely stressed halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L) larvae (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture research 35 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2109
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: First-feeding halibut larvae (245-day degrees; 40 days post hatch), reared at 34 g L−1 salinity and 7°C, were subjected to handling and allowed to recover in a range of salinities (0–34 g L−1) and at 10°C. Survival of the unfed larvae was determined daily for 18 days. Mortality rates approached 0 after 4 days in all treatments and presumed starvation-induced mortality started at about 11 days post handling. By 20 days post treatments, all larvae had died. Salinities in the range of 10–20 g L−1 produced significantly (anova, P〈0.01) higher initial survival (71–95%) than salinities above 20 g L−1 (24–48%) or below 10 g L−1 (0–19%) and this survival pattern changed little in unfed larvae for the first 10 days following the stressor. For example, 24 hour post handling, survival of halibut was improved from 28.7±16.5% (mean±standard error, n=3) at 34.0 g L−1 to 95.2±4.8% at 13 g L−1. A second-order polynomial regression of 4-day post-handling survival data (y=−0.002x2+0.0603x+0.0699, r2=0.3936) predicted a maximum survival at 15.1 g L−1 salinity. These results have important implications for halibut aquaculture and research when handling of larvae is unavoidable. For practical applications, we recommend reducing salinity of receiving waters to 15–20 g L−1 with a slow (3–4 days) reacclimation to ambient conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2004.01154.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of light intensity on development and hatching success of lingcod, Ophiodon elongatus (Girard), eggs (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture research 33 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2109
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The influence of incubation light intensity on development and hatching success of the lingcod (Ophiodon elongatus Girard) was studied by determining time to hatch, per cent hatch (total and viable) and per cent of deformities for embryos incubated at three different light intensities: ∼0, 1, and 563 lux. Photoperiod for the last two treatments was 16 h dark: 8 h light. Chemical parameters throughout incubation remained within acceptable ranges. Hatching in all treatments began 43 days post fertilization (353 °C days) and was complete on day 46 (377 °C days), with peak hatch for all treatments on day 44 (361 °C days). Per cent viable hatch for eggs incubated in the 1 lux treatment (88.6 ± 2.1%; mean ± SEM) was significantly greater than eggs incubated in the ∼0 lux (59.6 ± 11.3%) and 563 lux (61.4 ± 9.2%) treatments. A significantly greater per cent of deformed embryos with curled bodies occurred at 563 lux (9.5 ± 2.6%) compared with the 1-lux treatment (2.5 ± 0.6%). No significant differences for the other categories of deformities (ball, short, distended gut) were detected among treatments. Total deformities (all categories combined) for ∼0 lux (16.0 ± 4.2%) and 563 lux (17.2 ± 3.3%) were significantly greater than total deformities for 1 lux (5.0 ± 1.4%).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2109.2002.00665.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Mycobacterium tuberculosis ino1 gene is essential for growth and virulence (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 51 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Inositol is utilized by Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the production of its major thiol and of essential cell wall lipoglycans. We have constructed a mutant lacking the gene encoding inositol-1-phosphate synthase (ino1), which catalyses the first committed step in inositol synthesis. This mutant is only viable in the presence of extremely high levels of inositol. Mutant bacteria cultured in inositol-free medium for four weeks showed a reduction in levels of mycothiol, but phosphatidylinositol mannoside, lipomannan and lipoarabinomannan levels were not altered. The ino1 mutant was attenuated in resting macrophages and in SCID mice. We used site-directed mutagenesis to alter four putative active site residues; all four alterations resulted in a loss of activity, and we demonstrated that a D310N mutation caused loss of the active site Zn2+ ion and a conformational change in the NAD+ cofactor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03900.x
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