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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Assessment of requirement values for essential amino acids in the prawn, Marsupenaeus japonicus (Bate) (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture research 33 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2109
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The requirements of juvenile prawn, Marsupenaeus japonicus (Bate), 0.79 g initial body weight, for essential amino acids (EAA) were evaluated based on the daily increase of each EAA in the whole body when the prawn was maintained on a diet with a high nutritive value (a casein-squid protein-based diet). The quantities of each EAA needed daily for growth and maintenance of prawn are conceived to correspond to the daily requirements of this prawn species for EAA. Therefore, these requirement values of respective EAA should be supplied from dietary proteins. To determine these values, protein and amino acids of the whole body of the prawn were quantified before and after feeding experiments, and the quantities of respective EAA needed to meet the requirements were estimated based on the EAA profile of the whole body protein of prawn. As a result, the contents of EAA in dietary proteins (%) needed to meet the requirements of the prawn for EAA were assessed to be: threonine (2.3), methionine (1.3), valine (2.4), isoleucine (2.3), leucine (3.4), phenylalanine (2.6), lysine (3.2), histidine (1.1), arginine (2.9) and tryptophan (0.6), respectively, when the prawn are fed 50% protein diet with 90% protein digestibility at a ration size of 2% (% of body weight).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2109.2002.00684.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of ursodeoxycholic acid on growth and digestive enzyme activities of Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck & Schlegel) (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    Aquaculture research 32 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2109
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Three experiments were conducted to elucidate the effects of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) on growth performance and digestive enzyme activities of Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck & Schlegel) juveniles and larvae. In experiment 1 (growth study), duplicate groups of juveniles of about 7 g initial body weight were fed a UDCA diet (containing 0.025% UDCA) and a control diet (without UDCA) to apparent satiation twice a day for 6 weeks at 18–21 °C. In experiment 2 (enzyme study), triplicate groups of juveniles (7 g) were also fed the UDCA and control diets for 6 weeks under similar feeding and water management conditions to those for the growth study, digestive organs were collected every 2 weeks and their enzyme (α-amylase, lipase and protease) activities were assayed. In experiment 3, duplicate groups of 48-day-old larvae were fed two test microdiets (UDCA and control diets) for 30 min and assayed for enzyme activities 6, 12, 24, 36 and 48 h after a single feeding in the morning. The weight gain and feed conversion efficiency of the juveniles fed the UDCA diet in the growth study did not show any significant difference compared to juveniles fed the control diet. Total lipids, neutral lipids and triglycerides of the whole body and apparent body retention (%) of dietary lipids were notably higher (P 〈 0.05) in the UDCA group than the control. In the juveniles fed the UDCA diet, the activities of α-amylase and protease did not increase with holding time compared to the control diet. Lipase activity of the juveniles fed the UDCA diet was significantly higher than those fed the control diet. By contrast, the activities of α-amylase, lipase and protease of the larvae at 6, 12, 24, 36 and 48 h after final feeding did not show any difference between the dietary groups. These results suggest that UDCA may have an important role in lipid assimilation by increasing enzyme activity of the juvenile Japanese flounder, but there are few effects on growth performance of the juveniles and digestive enzyme activities of the larvae.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1355-557x.2001.00020.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nutritional assessment and feed intake of microparticulate diets in crustaceans and fish (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture research 31 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2109
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Artificial microdiets have been prepared for nutritional studies and for replacing live feeds in seed production of fish and crustaceans. Much knowledge has been accumulated on microdiets and their dietary values for several species. Total replacement of live feeds with microdiets has been accomplished in prawns, and optimum dietary levels of several nutrients have been reported for prawns. These studies have demonstrated specific nutrient requirements of larval fishes for some phospholipids and of crustaceans for both sterols and phospholipids. However, the quantitative requirements of larval aquatic animals for nutrients are still obscure, possibly because of lack of information on feed intake. From a nutritional viewpoint, optimum dietary levels of nutrients in microdiets determined without measuring net feed intake may be regarded as a conclusion without universal validity. This article proposes methods for the estimation of feed intake in crustaceans and fish fed microdiets, together with a brief review of microdiets and their nutritive values for aquatic animals. First, the methods for measurement of fat-soluble nutrients, cholesterol and fatty acids, using 5α-cholestane as an inert marker, were evaluated in juvenile prawns Macrobrachium rosenbergii and Penaeus japonicus and tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Secondly, a new method for the measurement of feed intake using double markers, 5α-cholestane and dotriacontane, was evaluated using juvenile P. japonicus and larval red sea bream Pagrus major as test animals. The significance of these methods in assessing the nutrient requirements of larval aquatic animals is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2109.2000.318490.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Energy budget of the Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck & Schlegel) larvae fed HUFA-enriched and non-enriched Artemia nauplii (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture research 34 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2109
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The energy budget of the Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck & Schlegel) larvae fed enriched (EA) and non-enriched (NEA) Artemia nauplii was determined by equating energy intake (EI) with the summation of energy channelled to faeces (F), metabolism (M), excretion (U) and growth (G). Larvae (21 days post hatching, 2.2 mg mean wet wt) were reared in six 80-L circular tanks with three replicates of 160 larvae per tank and fed EA and NEA for 20 days. EI was calculated from the energy content of consumed nauplii, M from the summation of energy for routine, feeding and active metabolisms, U from ammonia excretion and G from energy gained based on weight gain, while F was the difference between EI and the total of other components. The heat increment of larvae was calculated from the difference of O2 consumption at post-prandial and routine conditions. Except for G and F, variables were correlated to the dry body weight (W) of larvae in a power function: Y=aWb. Coefficients a and b were estimated by regression after a logarithmic transformation of the raw data. Overall, growth and survival rates of the larvae fed EA were higher than those fed NEA. For a larval flounder growing from 2 to 20 mg wet wt, the ingested energy was partitioned as follows: 22.8% to faecal loss, 38.3% to metabolism, 1.5% to urinary loss and 37.4% to growth for the EA group, whereas 35.4% to faecal loss, 28.4% to metabolism, 1.3% to urinary loss and 34.9% to growth for the NEA group. Gross conversion and assimilation efficiencies were higher, but the net conversion efficiency was lower in EA-fed larvae than NEA-fed larvae. This study suggests that the higher growth and survival rates of the EA-fed group compared with the NEA-fed group were attributed to their higher intake of essential fatty acids, higher metabolism and lower energy loss of faeces.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2109.2003.00896.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of diets containing low levels of methionine and oxidized oil on body composition, retina structure and pigmentation success of Japanese flounder (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture nutrition 3 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2095
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Diets reduced in methionine (Met) and with oxidized oil were formulated to induce visual deficiencies in Japanese flounder, Paralichthys alivaceus (T. & S.), in an attempt to link vision with pigmentation development. Even though Met-deficient diets have proved to be cataractogenic in salmonids, no cataracts were formed in flounder eye. However, both diets produced an abnormal morphology in the retinal pigment epithelium and the photoreceptor outer segments of the fish retina. The high presence of dead nuclei in the photoreceptor inner segment suggests a loss in the visual capability of fish fed these two diets, which produced lower pigmentation success than the control. A significant correlation was also found between pigmentation success and fatty acid composition (docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid) of the head polar lipid fraction. The results suggest that a deficient intake of amino acids and fatty acids produces a change in retinal structure and composition, leading to reduced visual capability and suppression of the development of normal pigmentary pattern in flatfish.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2095.1997.00092.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Utilization of monounsaturated fatty acid (18:1n-9, oleic acid) by freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man) juveniles (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture nutrition 3 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2095
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The utilization of oleic acid as an energy source and the effects of oleic acid levels and/or dietary soy bean lecithin (SBL) on oleic acid utilization, growth and survival, and lipid class and fatty acid compositions of freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man), juveniles were determined.Increase in levels of dietary oleic acid from 10 to 80 g kg−1 significantly (P≤ 0.05) reduced growth, survival and feed conversion efficiency of M. rosenbergii juveniles during the 40-day feeding period. Inclusion of 20 g kg−1 SBL had no significant effect (P≥ 0.05) on growth and survival, nor was there any interactive effect between dietary SBL and oleic acid levels.Body fatty acid profile of prawns reflected dietary fatty acid quantity. The fatty acid composition of prawns fed diets containing 80 g kg−1 oleic acid had tremendously high proportions of oleic acid. Polar lipids, mostly phosphatidylcholine (PC), constituted the bulk of the extracted total lipids. Prawns fed with SBL had significantly (P≥ 0.05) higher PC content.Oleic acid was metabolized for energy by M. rosenbergii juveniles at the same rate regardless of dietary level of SBL and/or oleic acid. Expired 14CO2 accounted for half of the ingested radioactivity 48 h after feeding with labelled diets. No significant difference in the amount of 14CO2 expired by prawns fed the labelled test diets was found. Per cent radioactivity ingested and absorbed into the body was also not significantly different in prawns of the different dietary treatments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2095.1997.00083.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of supplementation of coated crystalline amino acids on growth performance and body composition of juvenile kuruma shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture nutrition 10 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2095
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Supplementation of crystalline amino acids (CAA) in shrimp diets is unsuccessful in most cases. In the present study, various pre-coated CAA were developed to minimize the leaching losses from diets in water and assessed using kuruma shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus juveniles. Experimental diets were supplemented with coated CAA or non-coated CAA to simulate the dietary amino acid profile to that found in the whole body protein of shrimp. The four diets contained CAA coated with either carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) (diet 1), zein (diet 2), k-carrageenan (diet 3) or agar (diet 4), respectively. Another four diets contained CMC-coated CAA with the addition of either zein (diet 5), casein-gelatin (diet 6), zein and k-carrageenan (diet 7), or casein-gelatin and k-carrageenan (diet 8), respectively. The 8 weeks feeding trial demonstrated that the diets containing coated CAA gave significantly higher weight gains than diets containing non-coated CAA, with the highest value for the diet 6. The diets containing coated CAA also yielded higher feed conversion efficiency, protein efficiency ratio, and specific growth rate than diets containing non-coated CAA. Leaching trials suggested that shrimp growth performance was improved partly due to the retardation or reduction of CAA leaching by coating them with specific binders.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2095.2004.00316.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of protein and lipid sources on the growth and survival of red sea bream Pagrus major and Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus receiving micro-bound diets during larval and early juvenile stage (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture nutrition 10 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2095
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The effects of dietary protein and lipid sources on growth and survival of the red sea bream Pagrus major (30-days old) and Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus (15-days old) were examined using four zein-microbound diets (MBD) containing the following nitrogen and lipid sources: MBD-1, SBP-1000 (soybean peptides with molecular weights of about 1000) + fish oil calcium soap (FOCS); MBD-2, SBP-3000 (molecular weights of about 3000) + FOCS; MBD-3, soybean protein isolate (SPI) + FOCS; MBD-4, SBP-1000 + stearoyl calcium lactate (SCL). Six groups of the test fish were maintained on the following diets for 30 days; group 1, live food; group 2, 1/2 live food + 1/2 MBD-1; group 3, MBD-1; group 4, MBD-2; group 5, MBD-3; group 6, MBD-4. In the red sea bream, high performance in terms of total length (TL) and body weight gain (BWG) was obtained in groups 1, 2, 3 and 4. However, the fish receiving MBD-3 (group 5) and MBD-4 (group 6) had shorter TL and lower BWG than those receiving the other diets. Regarding the Japanese flounder, high performance in terms of TL, BWG, and survival rate (SR) was obtained in groups 1 and 2. Group 3 receiving MBD-1 gave the BWG and SR close to those of group 2 but lower than group 1. In contrast, groups 5 and 6 receiving MBD-3 or MBD-4 alone had significantly (P 〈 0.05) shorter TL and lower BWG than groups 1 and 2. The present study thus indicated that soybean peptides with molecular weights of 1000–3000 and FOCS are superior to SPI and SCL as nitrogen and lipid sources of MBD for the red sea bream and Japanese flounder at larval and early juvenile stage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2095.2004.00303.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dietary vitamin A requirements of juvenile Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture nutrition 11 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2095
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A 70-day feeding experiment was conducted to assess the dietary vitamin A (VA) requirements of juvenile Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Six semi-purified diets with VA supplementations of 0, 5000, 10 000, 15 000, 20 000 and 25 000 IU kg−1 were fed twice a day to triplicate groups of 20 juveniles per tank with an initial weight of 1.59 ± 0.01 g (mean ± SE). Weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) increased as dietary VA increased up to 10 000 IU kg−1. Significantly lower WG and SGR were observed for the 0 IU kg−1 treatment than for treatments of 5000, 10 000 and 15 000 IU kg−1. Highest WG and SGR were observed in fish fed 10 000 IU kg−1; slightly lower values were recorded in fish fed 15 000, 20 000 or 25 000 IU kg1. No significant difference was observed in survival rate among treatments. Whole body total lipid was significantly higher in fish fed 0 and 5000 IU kg−1 than for other levels. Reduced growth and small livers were observed as signs of VA deficiency in fish fed 0 IU kg−1. Slightly reduced growth and pale fragile livers were observed as effects of VA excess in fish fed 25 000 IU kg−1. Total retinol contents in liver and eyes increased with increasing levels of dietary VA. No retinol was detected in livers, and significantly lower total retinol content was observed in eyes, of fish fed 0 IU kg−1. WG analysed by the broken line method indicated that an optimum dietary VA requirement of 9000 IU kg−1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2095.2004.00317.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Movements of dietary triolein and cholestane in the digestive tract of prawn Marsupenaeus japonicus (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    Aquaculture research 32 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2109
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: In order to confirm the suitability of cholestane (CLS) for determination of lipid digestibilities in prawn, Marsupenaeus japonicus, the movements of dietary triacylglycerol and CLS in its digestive tract were examined. In this present study, the double labelling method was evaluated using [3H]-triolein and [14C]-CLS, which was chemically synthesized from [14C]-cholesterol. Three test diets containing different levels of lipid (0, 80 and 100 g kg−1 dry diet) with [3H]-triolein (150 MBq kg−1 diet) and [14C]-CLS (150 MBq kg−1 diet) were prepared. One prawn was stocked into a 1 L Erlenmeyer flask containing seawater at 25 °C. After the prawns had been fed on 1% of body weight of the labelled diets, they were transferred to another Erlenmeyer flask and held for 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 36 and 96 h after feeding. At every collection time, radioactivity of the hemolymph, stomach, midgut gland, midgut, hindgut, muscle and faeces was determined by liquid scintillation counter. All analyses were performed in triplicate with one prawn per collection time per test diet.In the prawns administrated labelled diets, over 75% of the total radioactivity was recovered in faeces at 96 h after feeding. The ratio of [3H] to [14C] in the gastrointestinal tract of the prawn did not fluctuate for 96 h after feeding. Thus, triolein and CLS were shown to move at the same speed in the gastrointestinal tract. The results demonstrate that CLS satisfied one requisite for markers in the digestibility measurement of dietary lipids in the prawn.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1355-557x.2001.00055.x
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