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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of agricultural change on abundance, fitness components and distribution of two arctic-nesting goose populations (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Global change biology 11 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Intensification of agriculture since the 1950s has enhanced the availability, competitive ability, crude protein content, digestibility and extended growing seasons of forage grasses. Spilled cereal grain also provides a rich food source in autumn and in winter. Long-distance migratory herbivorous geese have rapidly exploited these feeding opportunities and most species have shown expansions in range and population size in the last 50 years. Results of long-term studies are presented from two Arctic-breeding populations, the Svalbard pink-footed goose and the Greenland white-fronted goose (GWFG). GWFGs have shown major habitat shifts since the 1950s from winter use of plant storage organs in natural wetlands to feeding on intensively managed farmland. Declines in local density on, and abandonment of, unmodified traditional wintering habitat and increased reproductive success among those birds wintering on farmland suggest that density-dependent processes were not the cause of the shift in this winter-site-faithful population. Based on enhanced nutrient and energy intake rates, we argue that observed shifts in both species from traditionally used natural habitats to intensively managed farmland on spring staging and wintering areas have not necessarily been the result of habitat destruction. Increased food intake rates and potential demographic benefits resulting from shifts to highly profitable foraging opportunities on increasingly intensively managed farmland, more likely explain increases in goose numbers in these populations. The geographically exploratory behaviour of subdominant individuals enables the discovery and exploitation of new winter feeding opportunities and hence range expansion. Recent destruction of traditional habitats and declines in farming at northern latitudes present fresh challenges to the well being of both populations. More urgently, Canada geese colonizing breeding and moulting habitats of white-fronted geese in Greenland are further affecting their reproductive output.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00941.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Erwinia amylovora populations resistant to oxolinic acid in Israel: prevalence, persistence and fitness (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 54 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Oxolinic acid (OA) has been the only bactericide used against fire blight in pear and quince orchards in Israel since 1998. OA-resistant Erwinia amylovora strains (Ea-OAR) were detected in several orchards in two restricted areas in the northern Galilee region during 1999–2001. In the following years, resistant strains could not be detected in some of these locations. Documenting the fate of Ea-OAR strains in commercial orchards at eight sites in northern Israel during 2000/03 revealed that the resistant population appeared irrespective of the number of sprays applied and the severity of the disease. The persistence of the Ea-OAR populations varied from site to site, ranging from 4 to 20 months; these differences could be attributed to the fire blight management activities of growers. Comparative studies on the fitness of Ea-OAR and E. amylovora strains sensitive to OA (Ea-OAS) were conducted in vitro and in planta using two strains of each group. In four of the six comparisons, disease incidence on detached blossoms inoculated with Ea-OAS was significantly higher than that on blossoms inoculated with Ea-OAR. In two experiments conducted on 8-year-old pear trees grown under netting, the colonization of Ea-OAS in blossoms, annual shoots and perennial spurs was significantly higher than that of the Ea-OAR. In two experiments conducted on 2-year-old trees grown under netting in an experimental station, the incidence of shoots exhibiting fire blight symptoms and the rate of symptom progress within the branches were significantly higher in trees inoculated with Ea-OAS than in those inoculated with Ea-OAR. The results of this study suggest that OA-resistant E. amylovora strains have lower fitness than wild-type strains. These findings may have implications for fire blight management.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2005.01146.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stability of resistance to Phytophthora infestans in potato: an international evaluation (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 54 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Ten institutions in nine countries joined together to test the stability of resistance of 14 potato genotypes to the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans in three separate trials. Seven of the genotypes were tested in one trial involving seven locations, and all 14 were tested in two subsequent trials, each involving eight locations. Stability of resistance was tested with nonparametric tests and with an additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model. Overall, resistance to P. infestans was robust; resistant genotypes were consistently resistant in all locations and trials. The nonparametric analysis indicated that specific genotypes were basically stable across sites for resistance. In trial 3, the Z statistic for overall stability was significant at 0·05%, indicating a significant level of interaction across the trial, but there were no significant interactions for specific genotypes in this trial. The genotype by environment (G × E) effect of the AMMI model was highly significant in both trials, but the mean square of G × E was less than 10% of the genotype effect in each trial. The first two principal components (PCA1 and PCA2) of the AMMI analyses together explained 75 and 80% of the interaction effects in trials 2 and 3, respectively. Based on both nonparametric and AMMI analyses, Ecuador and Argentina were locations of relatively high interaction effects for both trials 2 and 3, although in Ecuador this interaction was not associated with any particular potato genotype. Other locations also had high interaction effects, but these occurred in only one trial. The genotypes Chata Blanca and, to a lesser extent, Torridon were relatively unstable in trials 2 and 3, but in the case of Torridon, resistant, this did not represent a significant loss of resistance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2005.01187.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Germination response of Orobanche seeds subjected to conditioning temperature, water potential and growth regulator treatments (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Weed research 45 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Broomrapes (Orobanche spp.) are parasitic weeds that cause significant losses of crop yield. Experiments were conducted to investigate the seed response to the artificial germination stimulant GR24 in three species of Orobanche subjected to preconditioning under various temperatures, water potentials and with plant growth regulators. The highest germination percentages were observed in Orobanche ramosa, Orobanche aegyptiaca and Orobanche minor seeds conditioned at 18°C for 7 days followed by germination stimulation at 18°C. With the increase of the conditioning period (7, 14, 21 and 28 days), the germination percentage of O. ramosa and O. aegyptiaca progressively decreased. When conditioned at −2 MPa, the germination percentage was lower than at 0 and −1 MPa, especially at 13 and 28°C. Orobanche minor seeds could retain relatively high germination if conditioned at 18, 23 or 28°C, even after significantly extended conditioning periods (up to 84 days). GA3 (30–100 mg L−1), norflurazon and fluridone (10–100 mg L−1), and brassinolide (0.5–1.0 mg L−1) increased seed germination, while 0.01 mg L−1 uniconazole significantly reduced germination rates of all three Orobanche spp. The promotional effects of GA3 and norflurazon and the inhibitory effect of uniconazole were evident, even when they were treated for 3 days. Germination of Orobanche seeds was much lower when the unconditioned seeds were directly exposed to GR24 at 10−6 m. This early GR24-induced inhibition was however alleviated or even eliminated by the inclusion of GA3 or norflurazon (10–50 mg L−1) in the conditioning medium. On the contrary, the inclusion of uniconazole increased the inhibitory effect of GR24, particularly in the case of O. ramosa.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.2005.00477.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Can an integrated management approach provide a basis for long-term prevention of weed dominance in Australian pasture systems? (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Weed research 45 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Broad-leaved weeds in pasture, such as Carduus nutans, Onopordum spp. and Echium plantagineum are a major problem for graziers in southern Australia. Previous attempts to combat these weeds with a single technique have only resulted in short-term success. An approach to long-term control, combining biological control with different grazing and herbicide strategies, was evaluated in an integrated weed management (IWM) programme, in south-eastern Australia. This IWM study was one of the few that has focused on biological control agents. During the field trials, the impacts of grazing and herbicide treatments on the weed and biological control agents, as well as on pasture composition, were monitored. This paper concentrates on the part of the study that focuses on the role and importance of pasture composition as part of weed management. The main pasture components were monitored using botanal, a sampling technique for estimating species composition and pasture yield in the field. IWM is a long-term ecological approach and after 3 years, major trends were just becoming apparent. This study shows that pasture composition can be manipulated to increase productivity and sustainability. It demonstrates that broad-leaved weeds can be reduced when high level pasture background management and chemical control are combined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.2005.00452.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Scaling ozone responses of forest trees to the ecosystem level in a changing climate (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 28 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Many uncertainties remain regarding how climate change will alter the structure and function of forest ecosystems. At the Aspen FACE experiment in northern Wisconsin, we are attempting to understand how an aspen/birch/maple forest ecosystem responds to long-term exposure to elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) and ozone (O3), alone and in combination, from establishment onward. We examine how O3 affects the flow of carbon through the ecosystem from the leaf level through to the roots and into the soil micro-organisms in present and future atmospheric CO2 conditions. We provide evidence of adverse effects of O3, with or without co-occurring elevated CO2, that cascade through the entire ecosystem impacting complex trophic interactions and food webs on all three species in the study: trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.), paper birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh), and sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh). Interestingly, the negative effect of O3 on the growth of sugar maple did not become evident until 3 years into the study. The negative effect of O3 effect was most noticeable on paper birch trees growing under elevated CO2. Our results demonstrate the importance of long-term studies to detect subtle effects of atmospheric change and of the need for studies of interacting stresses whose responses could not be predicted by studies of single factors. In biologically complex forest ecosystems, effects at one scale can be very different from those at another scale. For scaling purposes, then, linking process with canopy level models is essential if O3 impacts are to be accurately predicted. Finally, we describe how outputs from our long-term multispecies Aspen FACE experiment are being used to develop simple, coupled models to estimate productivity gain/loss from changing O3.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2005.01362.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nomenclature for factors of the HLA system, 2004 (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 32 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-313X.2005.00509.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A case study of habitat compensation to ameliorate impacts of hydroelectric development: effectiveness of re-watering and habitat enhancement of an intermittent flood overflow channel (2005)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 67 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Development of the Rose Blanche River, insular Newfoundland, Canada, for hydroelectricity resulted in destruction of fluvial habitat and habitat compensation was required to achieve ‘no net loss’(NNL) of habitat productive capacity. The preferred compensation alternative involved modification of a 1·2 km long natural high flow, flood bypass channel, wetted only during peak snow melt events. The channel consisted of 99·6 units (100 m2) of habitat and was modified, with hydraulic control structures, to ensure a constant regulated flow. Physical enhancement included addition of spawning gravels, bank stabilization, protection dykes to prevent flooding and installation of low head barriers to create pools. A 3 year study (2000–2002) was undertaken to assess: (1) habitat stability in the channel, (2) re-population of the compensatory channel, (3) biological characteristics of fishes utilizing the channel and (4) movement and migration between the compensatory channel and the main river. Study results indicated evolution of meso-habitat characteristics due to geomorphological and hydrological factors, with distribution of spawning gravels and increased input of organic matter. The channel was utilized preferentially by brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis, with a mix of size and age classes, indicating habitat use by all life stages. Total fish biomass over 3 years increased in the compensation channel while it decreased in the river main stem. Young-of-the-year density was strong for both brook trout and Atlantic salmon Salmo salar in 2001 and 2002 suggesting good spawning and incubation conditions. Year class strength was less in the main river indicating differential (improved) survival in the compensatory habitat. Tag returns provided little evidence of site fidelity for both species suggesting considerable movement within the channel and possibly between the main river and channel. Habitat compensation effectiveness, in terms of NNL, determined that fish production in the compensatory channel achieved 69, 92 and 128% of lost production in 2000, 2001 and 2002, respectively. Fish production increased each year after development and NNL was achieved by the third year. The NNL was achieved in the compensatory channel which contained 100 units as opposed to the 570 units destroyed, a 1 : 5·7 ratio. The results of the study indicated that both habitat area and a measure of habitat productive capacity need to be considered in planning and assessing habitat compensation projects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-1112.2005.00920.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gender identification of shovelnose sturgeon using ultrasonic and endoscopic imagery and the application of the method to the pallid sturgeon (2005)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 67 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Monthly sampling of shovelnose sturgeon Scaphirhynchus platorynchus, a biological surrogate for the endangered pallid sturgeon Scaphirhynchus albus, was conducted to develop a multi-seasonal profile of reproductive stages. Data collected included histological characteristics of gonads from wild caught fish and laboratory and field ultrasonic and endoscopic images. These data were used to compare effectiveness of ultrasonic and endoscopic techniques at identifying gender of adult shovelnose sturgeon at different reproductive stages. The least invasive method (i.e. ultrasound) was least effective while the most invasive (i.e. endoscope through an abdominal incision) was the most effective at identifying shovelnose sturgeon gender. In most cases, success rate for identifying males was greater than females, with success at identifying both genders greater in more advanced reproductive stages. Concomitantly, for most months average reproductive stage was more advanced for males than females. April and May were the months with the most advanced reproductive stage, and were the months when ultrasound was most effective. Methods were also applied in the Upper Missouri River to validate their use on pallid sturgeon Scaphirhynchus albus. Ultrasound was successful at identifying pallid sturgeon gender, however, endoscopic examination through the urogenital duct was only successful at identifying pallid sturgeon gender when the urogenital duct was not opaque.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-1112.2005.00719.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of temperature during early life history on embryonic and larval development and growth in haddock (2005)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 66 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The effect of incubation temperature (2, 4, 6, 8 and 10° C) on haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus development and growth during the embryonic period and in subsequent ontogeny in a common post-hatch thermal environment (6° C) was investigated. Hatching times were inversely proportional to incubation temperature and ranged from 20·3 days at 2° C to 9·1 days at 10° C. Growth rates were directly proportional to incubation temperature during both the embryonic and larval periods. There was a significant decline in growth rates following hatch in all temperature groups. Compared to the endogenously feeding embryos, growth rates in the exogenous period declined by 4·4-fold at 4° C to 3·9-fold at 8° C, indicative of the demarcation between the endogenous and exogenous feeding periods. Yolk utilization varied from 17 days at 2° C to 6 days at 10° C and followed a three-stage sigmoidal pattern with the initial lag period inversely proportional to incubation temperature. Time to 50% yolk depletion varied inversely with temperature but occurred 1–1·5 days post-hatch at all temperatures. Additionally, the period between 10 and 90% yolk depletion also decreased with increased temperature. Overall developmental rate was sequential with and directly proportional (2·3-fold increase) to incubation temperature while the time spent in each developmental stage was inversely proportional to temperature. Larger embryos tended to be produced at lower temperatures but this pattern reversed following hatch, as larvae from higher temperature groups grew more rapidly than those from other temperature groups. Larvae from all temperatures achieved a similar length (c.total length 4·5 mm) upon complete yolk absorption. The study demonstrated the significant impact that temperature has upon developmental and growth rates in both endogenous and exogenous feeding periods. It also illustrated that temperature changes during embryogenesis had significant and persistent effects on growth in subsequent ontogeny.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-1112.2005.00699.x
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