ALBERT

Notes: Abstract The effect of aluminium and other toxic metals on the marine bacterium Arthrobacter aurescens RS-2 was studied. Apart from inhibiting bacterial growth, aluminium and nickel were found to enhance the excretion of coproporphyrin III, a precursor in the porphyrin biosynthetic pathway. No protein was found to be complexed to the excreted porphyrins. Aluminium and nickel both enhanced the excretion of an extracellular 68 kDa protein and induced the excretion of a novel 42 kDa protein. Despite the similarities in extracellular protein patterns of RS-2 bacteria after exposure to aluminium or nickel, differences were also found indicating that some but not all response mechanisms towards toxic metals were similar in Arthrobacter aurescens RS-2.

Notes: A simple, rapid, and precise method of typing HLA class II polymorphism would be valuable in the areas of disease susceptibility, tissue transplantation, individual identification and anthropological genetics. Here we describe a method of analysing class II sequence polymorphism based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and hybridization with oligonucleotide probes. One valuable property of sequence-based HLA typing strategies, like oligonucleotide probe hybridization, is that they reveal how and where two alleles differ, not simply that they can be operationally distinguished. The nature and location of HLA polymorphisms appears to be critical in disease association studies and are likely to be important in tissue typing for transplantation. New alleles at the DRB1, DPB1 and DQB1 loci are likely to be identified as this technology is applied to more and more samples, particularly in non-Caucasian ethnic groups. A new allele is uncovered as an unusual pattern of probe binding and then confirmed by sequencing. This pattern is observed because class II polymorphism is localized to specific regions and virtually all ‘new’ alleles have polymorphisms in the region of probe binding. Obviously, any new allele with a new polymorphic sequence in a region for which typing probes are not available would not be revealed by oligonucleotide typing.With the PCR primers and probes described here, 7 DQA1 alleles,* 15 DQB1 alleles, 18 DPB1 alleles, and 32 DRB1 alleles are distinguished. Additional primers and/or probes can, of course, increase the allelic discrimination of oligonucleotide dot blot typing. These horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-labelled oligonucleotide probes are stable (〉2 years when stored at 4°C) and the typing system is simple and robust. Over 500 samples from the CEPH pedigrees (unpublished data; A. B. Begovich, et al., manuscript in preparation) and 〉1000 unrelated samples have been typed by this procedure. Although this dot blot/oligonucleotide hybridization procedure is a powerful and precise method of HLA class II typing, the complexity of the procedure increases as the number of probes required for analysis increases. The reverse dot blot method, based on an array of immobilized probes, allows the typing of individual samples in one single hybridization reaction. In this approach, a panel of unlabelled oligonucleotides are immobilized to a nylon membrane. The PCR product is labelled during the amplification reaction by using biotinylated primers and hybridized to the membrane. The presence of bound PCR product specifically hybridized to a given probe is detected using streptavidin-HRP conjugates and either chromogenic or chemiluminescent substrates. This method offers the simplest and most rapid approach to the HLA typing of clinical samples.