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  • 1
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Rockfish (Sebastes miniatus) fillets and salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) steaks were held in atmospheres containing 20% or 40% carbon dioxide, with or without 1% carbon monoxide. Controls were stored similarly in air. At intervals of refrigerated storage up to 14 days, samples were removed for sensory, chemical, and microbiological analyses. At 7 days, all treatment groups were significantly different visually, with appearance of slime on the air controls, but not on samples in the gas treatments. Samples held in air were judged by panelists to have stronger aromas than others held under carbon dioxide at either level. The higher level of carbon dioxide was more effective. Values for thiobarbituric acid were low in all groups; hypoxanthine values varied widely, with no particular effect due to modified atmospheres. Storage under carbon dioxide was effective in reducing the formation of trimethylamine and ammonia, and markedly inhibited microbial growth.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1574-6941
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The structure and activity of the methane-oxidising microbial community in a wet meadow soil in Germany were investigated using biogeochemical, cultivation, and molecular fingerprinting techniques. Both methane from the atmosphere and methane produced in anaerobic subsurface soil were oxidised. The specific affinity (first-order rate constant) for methane consumption was highest in the top 20 cm of soil and the apparent half-saturation constant was 137–300 nM CH4, a value intermediate to measured values in wetland soils versus well-aerated upland soils. Most-probable-number (MPN) counting of methane-oxidising bacteria followed by isolation and characterisation of strains from the highest positive dilution steps suggested that the most abundant member of the methane-oxidising community was a Methylocystis strain (105–107 cells g−1 d.w. soil). Calculations based on kinetic data suggested that this cell density was sufficient to account for the observed methane oxidation activity in the soil. DNA extraction directly from the same soil samples, followed by PCR amplification and comparative sequence analyses of the pmoA gene, also detected Methylocystis. However, molecular community fingerprinting analyses revealed a more diverse and dynamic picture of the methane-oxidising community. Retrieved pmoA sequences included, besides those closely related to Methylocystis spp., others related to the genera Methylomicrobium and Methylocapsa, and there were differences across samples which were not evident in MPN analyses.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology ecology 41 (2002), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1574-6941
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A type II methanotrophic bacterium (Methylocystis strain SC2) was isolated from a polluted aquifer and identified based on morphology and on 16S rRNA gene phylogeny. Primers targeting the particulate methane monooxygenase subunit A gene (pmoA) were used to obtain a PCR product from DNA extract of strain SC2. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of this PCR product demonstrated that strain SC2 contained two very different pmoA-like genes. One gene (pmoA1) had very high sequence homology to pmoA genes of other type II methanotrophic bacteria (identical amino acid sequence to pmoA of some other Methylocystis strains). The second gene (pmoA2) possessed only 73% identity with the first gene at the nucleotide level and 68.5% identity (83% similarity) at the amino acid level. The presence of both pmoA-like genes was verified by developing specific oligonucleotide probes for each and using these in Southern hybridisation of genomic DNA. Purity of the culture was exhaustively verified with a variety of methods to ensure that both genes were present in a single genospecies. These included microscopic examination, plating on various media, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of PCR products of the 16S rRNA gene (universal to bacteria) and of the methanol dehydrogenase α-subunit gene mxaF (universal to methylotrophic bacteria), and whole-cell hybridisation with fluorescently labelled 16S rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes specific for the genera Methylosinus and Methylocystis, or specific for strain SC2. Reverse transcription PCR of extracted RNA suggested that the novel pmoA2 gene was not expressed during growth under standard conditions used for the cultivation of these bacteria. The presence of multiple, diverse pmoA-like genes in a single genospecies of methanotrophic bacteria implies that pmoA must be cautiously applied as a phylogenetic marker in cultivation-independent molecular ecology studies.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 43 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 45 (1987), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The filamentous, non-heterocytous, nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium Oscillatoria sp. strain 23 (Oldenburg) showed cycling of acetylene reduction in light-dark cycles. Under aerobic conditions nitrogenase activity is exclusively present during the dark period. However, if anaerobic conditions were applied during the dark period, two activity maxima were observed. A relatively small activity peak occurred during the first few hours of the dark period and a high peak as soon as the light was switched on. A low activity remained during the second half of the dark period. This pattern of acetylene reduction in Oscillatoria agrees well with the field data on nitrogen fixation [Stal, L.J. and Krumbein, W.E. (1984), Mar. Biol. 82, 217–224].
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1574-6941
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Based on an extensive 16S rRNA sequence database for type II methanotrophic bacteria, a set of 16S rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes was developed for differential detection of specific phylogenetic groups of these bacteria by fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH). This set of oligonucleotides included a genus-specific probe for Methylocystis (Mcyst-1432) and three species-specific probes for Methylosinus sporium (Msins-647), Methylosinus trichosporium (Msint-1268) and the recently described acidophilic methanotroph Methylocapsa acidiphila (Mcaps-1032). These novel probes were applied to further characterise the type II methanotroph community that was detected in an acidic Sphagnum peat from West Siberia in a previous study (Dedysh et al. (2001) Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67, 4850–4857). The largest detectable population of indigenous methanotrophs simultaneously hybridised with a group-specific probe targeting all currently known Methylosinus/Methylocystis spp. (M-450), with a genus-specific probe for Methylocystis spp. (Mcyst-1432), and with an additional probe (Mcyst-1261) that had been designed to target a defined phylogenetic subgroup of Methylocystis spp. The same subgroup of Methylocystis was also detected in acidic peat sampled from Sphagnum-dominated wetland in northern Germany. The population size of this peat-inhabiting Methylocystis subgroup was 2.0±0.1×106 cells g−1 (wet weight) of peat from Siberia and 5.5±0.5×106 cells g−1 of peat from northern Germany. This represented 60 and 95%, respectively, of the total number of methanotroph cells detected by FISH in these two wetland sites. Other major methanotroph populations were M. acidiphila and Methylocella palustris. Type I methanotrophs accounted for not more than 1% of total methanotroph cells. Neither M. trichosporium nor M. sporium were detected in acidic Sphagnum peat.
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