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  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd  (11)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The importance of morphological events and intercellular interactions in the regulation of prespore-specific gene expression during sporulation in Bacillus subtilis (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 8 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: We have established a time course for the early morphological events of sporulation in Bacillus subtilis and related this to changes in gene expression, particularly those occurring in the prespore compartment. We have also systematically studied the effects of mutations in various regulatory (spo) genes on prespore-specific gene expression. On the basis of these results, and those of other laboratories, at least four distinct temporal classes of prespore-specific gene expression can now be distinguished. The first class begins within 15min of the formation of the spore septum, and requires the σ;F form of RNA polymerase. The second class, also directed by RNA polymerase containing σ;F, begins soon after the completion of prespore engulfment, and depends on an intercellular signal from the mother cell. This transcription results in synthesis of σ;G. However, σ;G activity, directing the third class of gene expression, appears only about 30min later and is dependent on the completion of prespore engulfment and on further interactions with the mother cell. The fourth class of gene expression has been described. The results demonstrate that the prespore programme of gene expression incorporates a series of control points modulated by information from the mother cell and on progress through the morphogenetic process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.1993.tb01639.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The role of σF in prespore-specific transcription in Bacillus subtilis (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 5 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Sporulation in Bacillus subtilis is a simple developmental system in which a single cell undergoes differentiation to two ‘sister’ cells, namely the prespore and the sporangium. Prespore-specific gene expression is largely dependent on the synthesis of a transcription factor, σG. Transcription of spolllG, the gene encoding σG, is under precise temporal and spatial control, requiring the products of at least eight genes that are expressed in the pre-divisional cell. Here we show that the product of one of these genes, another sigma factor, σF, is by itself sufficient to direct transcription of spolllG in non-sporulating cells. The results indicate that the cell-specificity of prespore gene expression is determined by a mechanism that exerts temporal and spatial control over the activity of σF.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.1991.tb00746.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The spoIIIA operon of Bacillus subtilis defines a new temporal class of mother-cell-specific sporulation genes under the control of the σE form of RNA polymerase (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 5 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: We have cloned and characterized a 5 kbp region of the Bacillus subtilis chromosome and show that it contains the promoter-proximal part of the spoIIIA locus. The locus consists of a polycistronic operon containing at least three genes. We show that the operon is regulated at the transcrlptional level, from a promoter that is first activated about 80 minutes after the induction of sporulation, immediately after septation. Expression of spoIIIA in different spo mutant backgrounds correlates with the ability of each strain to synthesize the sporulation-specific sigma factor, σE. Moreover, synthesis of σE in vegetative cells by use of an inducible promoter causes expression of mother-cell-specific genes spoIID, spoIIIA, and spoIIID, but not the prespore-specific genes, spoIIIG and spoVA. We suggest that σE may be the primary determinant of mother-cell-specific gene expression and that the SpoIIID protein exerts an additional level of regulation on spoIIIA, apparently by acting as a transcriptional repressor. Since the onset of spoIIID expression occurs about 10 minutes after that of spoIIIA, spoIIIA expression is transient. Thus spoIIIA defines a third temporal class of gene controlled by the σE form of RNA polymerase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.1991.tb00816.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differential gene expression during sporulation in Bacillus subtilis: regulation of the spoVJ gene (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 3 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The process of spore formation in the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis is a simple developmental system controlled by 50 or more genes. The complex pattern of regulatory interactions between these genes is beginning to be elucidated. spoVJ is a poorly characterized locus in which mutations affect spore development at a relatively late stage (Stage V). We have now cloned and physically characterized the SpoVJ locus, and analysed its expression by lacZ fusion. Expression of spoVJ is temporally delayed until about two hours after the initiation of sporulation. Its expression is also spatially restricted to the mother cell compartment; as such, it represents the earliest known mother-cell-specific event. Control of spoVJ transcription is complex: expression is dependent upon the products of all of the spo0 genes and on some of the spoII genes butitis independent of all later genes except spoIIID. As spoIIID mutations do not affect prespore development, this gene must be an important early determinant of mother-cell-specific gene expression.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.1989.tb00255.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differential gene expression during sporulation in Bacillus subtilis: structure and regulation of the spoIIID gene (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 4 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The gene spoIIID, which is essential for spore formation in Bacillus subtilis, was cloned and sequenced. It consists of one open reading frame which would encode a 93-amino-acid protein with a classic helix-turn-helix motif, characteristic of sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins. SpoIIID protein is a previously identified transcription factor, capable of altering the specificity of RNA polymerase containing sigma K in vitro (Kroos et al., 1989). The spoIIID83 mutation (by which the locus was originally identified), was sequenced and found to be a single base substitution in the ribosome binding site upstream of the spoIIID open reading frame. A transcriptional fusion to lacZ was constructed and used to examine the regulation of spoIIID. Expression of spoIIID occurred only during sporulation, beginning 1.5 to 2 hours after the initiation of sporulation. The dependence of spoIIID expression on other spo loci suggests that it is mother-cell-specific, and that it is transcribed by sigma E-containing RNA polymerase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.1990.tb00622.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of digitized video microscopy with a fluorogenic enzyme substrate to demonstrate cell- and compartment-specific gene expression in Salmonella enteritidis and Bacillus subtilis (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 13 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A rapid and sensitive method for detection of cell- and compartment-specific gene expression in individual cells of both Gram-negative and Gram-positive microorganisms is described. The method combines the use of gene fusions to lacZ, and a fluorogenic β-galactosidase substrate, fluorescein-di-(β-d-galactopyranoside), with digitized video microscopy. All of the reporter constructs tested were successfully detected. Secondary staining of the cells with a nucleic acid-specific dye, propidium iodide, allowed cells devoid of nucleic acid to be identified, while cell nucleoid shape and the morphological stage of development could be correlated with the location of β-galactosidase activity. The double-staining procedure was used to show that gene expression can be induced in non-culturable cells of Salmonella enteritidis produced by carbon/nitrogen starvation. The resolution was sufficient to distinguish between cells at different morphological stages of sporulation in Bacillus subtilis. This highly sensitive and rapid method may have many other applications in basic and applied microbiology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.1994.tb00459.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A model for asymmetric septum formation during sporulation in Bacillus subtilis (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 5 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Many differentiation processes in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes begin with an asymmetric division, producing ‘daughter’ cells that differ in size and developmental fate. This is particularly obvious in the well-studied prokaryotic lif cycles of Caulobacter and Bacillus. In no system, however, is the mechanism of asymmentric division understood. Here I propose a model for the mechanism o asymmetric division during sporulation in Bacillus subtilis. The model explains bth the timing and asymmetric localization of spore-septum formation. It also explains the morphological phenotypes of various asporogenous (spo) mutants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.1991.tb00750.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chromosome strand segregation during sporulation in Bacillus subtilis (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 5 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: After the initiation of spore formation In Bacillus subtilis, the products of the final round of DNA replication segregate into two cells, i.e. the prespore and the mother cell. The prespore, which is known to contain a single completed chromosome, develops into a mature endospore which can be readily separated from mother cells and non-sporulating cells on the basis of its resistance properties. We have used a procedure originally developed to label the terminus region of the B. subtilis chromosome to specifically label the newly synthesized strands of DNA during the final round of DNA replication before sporulation. We have purified prespore DNA and used strand-specific probes to measure the radioactivity incorporated. The results show that the sister chromosomes segregate at random into the prespore. This result has implications for the segregation of chromosomes during vegetative growth and for the generation of cellular asymmetry during sporulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.1991.tb01887.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sequential activation of dual promoters by different Sigma factors maintains spoVJ expression during successive developmental stages of Bacillus subtilis (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 5 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The spoVJ gene of Bacillus subtilis encodes a 36 k Da protein and is expressed only in the mother cell. spoVJ has an interesting pattern of regulation during sporulation because it is expressed from sequentially activated promoters. These promoters, designated P1 and P2, are under the control of different sigma factors, σEand σK, which become active at separate times during sporulation. Removal of promoter P1, leaving promoter P2 active, resulted in about a 30-minute delay in the formation of heat-resistant spores and demonstrated that the expression of spoVJ from both promoters is essential for normal sporulation. A comparison is made between the sequences of the spoVJ promoters and the promoters of other genes dependent upon σE and σk.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.1991.tb00783.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Establishment of cell-specific transcription during sporulation in Bacillus subtilis (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 6 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: One of the most intriguing questions posed by bacterial spore formation concerns the establishment of cell-specific gene expression in the prespore and mother cell. Recent results now suggest that sigma factors, in addition to their temporal roles in the control of gene expression, may also be the key determinants of differential gene expression during sporulation in Bacillus subtilis. The genes encoding two sporulation-specific sigma factors, σE and σF, are expressed soon after the initiation of sporulation, before the formation of the spore septum that separates the prespore and mother cell compartments, it now appears that σE and σF direct transcription only after septation and then In a specific cell type, suggesting that the segregation of the sigma activities after septation is a key event in the establishment of differential gene expression. The mechanism responsible for this segregation is complex, involving at least seven other gene products. We discuss possible models for the interactions between the sigma factors and the establishment of cell-specific transcription.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.1992.tb01517.x
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