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1

Digitale Medien

Cognitive and Physiological Effects on Hunger and Food Intake (1989)

WARDLE, JANE ; OGDEN, JANE

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 575 (1989), S. 0

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ISSN: 1749-6632

Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1989.tb53304.x

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2

Digitale Medien

A light intensity threshold for schooling in the Atlantic mackerel, Scomber scombrus (1986)

Glass, C. W. ; Wardle, C. S. ; Mojsiewicz, W. R.

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Journal of fish biology 29 (1986), S. 0

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ISSN: 1095-8649

Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Thema: Biologie

Notizen: The schooling behaviour of Atlantic mackerel was studied in a large tank at different light intensities in the range 12.6–1.8 × 10−10μEs−1 m−2. Variable light intensity was produced by accurately controlling the current to a green light-emitting diode (LED) 3 m above the experimental tank. Under high light levels (1.8 × 10−6μEs−1 m−2) mackerel always formed a single school, whereas at lower levels (1.8 × 10−8μEs−1 m−2) they swam as individuals. At light levels down to 1.0 × 10−6μEs−1 m−2 the mean nearest neighbour distance in a school remained relatively constant (0.3–0.9 body lengths), and individual mackerel swam along a path which deviated from the position of their nearest neighbours by less than 14°. As light dropped below 1.8 × 10−7μEs−1 m−2, both nearest neighbour distance and heading angle between nearest neighbours increased, with mean values of 1–1.8 body lengths and 23–92°, respectively, at 1.8 × 10−9μEs−1 m−2. The results are discussed in terms of ambient light conditions in the sea.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1986.tb05000.x

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3

Digitale Medien

The muscle twitch and the maximum swimming speed of giant bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus L. (1989)

Wardle, C. S. ; Videler, J. J. ; Arimoto, T. ; [weitere]

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Journal of fish biology 35 (1989), S. 0

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ISSN: 1095-8649

Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Thema: Biologie

Notizen: Sustained swimming of bluefin tuna was analysed from video recordings made of a captive patrolling fish school [lengths (L) 1.7–3.3 m, body mass (M) 54–433 kg]. Speeds ranged from 0.6 to 1.2 L s−1 (86–260 km day−1) while stride length during steady speed swimming varied between 0.54 and 0.93 L. Maximum swimming speed was estimated by measuring twitch contraction of the anaerobic swimming muscle in pithed fish 5 min after death. Muscle contraction time increased from the shortest just behind the head (30–50 ms at 20% L) to the longest at the tail peduncle (80–90 ms at 80% L) (all at 28°C). A fish (L = 2.26 m) with a muscle contraction time of 50 ms at 25% L can have a maximum tail beat frequency of 10 Hz and maximum swimming speed of 15m s−1 (54km h−1) with a stride length of 0.65L. With a stride length of 1 L a speed of 22.6 m s−1 (81.4 km h−1) is possible. Power used at maximum speed was estimated for this fish at between 10 and 40 kW, with corresponding values for the drag coefficient at a Reynolds number of 4.43 × 107 of 0.0007 and 0.0027.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1989.tb03399.x

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4

Digitale Medien

Tilting behaviour of the Atlantic mackerel, Scomber scombrus, at low swimming speeds (1986)

He, P. ; Wardle, C. S.

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Journal of fish biology 29 (1986), S. 0

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ISSN: 1095-8649

Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Thema: Biologie

Notizen: Negatively-buoyant Atlantic mackerel, Scomber scombrus L., (fork length 30–39 cm) tilt their bodies with the head up while swimming at speeds below 0.8 body length per second (B.L. s−1). This behaviour is quantitatively described by the body attack angle and swimming speed measured from film records. The maximum recorded body attack angle was 27° in a 32 cm-long fish swimming at 0.45 B.L. s−1 while its nose followed a course close to the horizontal. In general, larger body attack angles were shown at lower swimming speeds and were associated with denser bodies at each speed. We consider that this behaviour pattern allows the fish to maintain a chosen swimming depth while its body creates lift by acting as a hydrofoil. Lift from the fins is insufficient at low swimming speeds.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1986.tb05013.x

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5

Digitale Medien

Endurance at intermediate swimming speeds of Atlantic mackerel, Scomber scombrus L., herring, Clupea harengus L., and saithe, Pollachius virens L. (1988)

He, P. ; Wardle, C. S.

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Journal of fish biology 33 (1988), S. 0

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ISSN: 1095-8649

Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Thema: Biologie

Notizen: Endurance and swimming speed were measured in mackerel, herring and saithe when they were induced by the optomotor response to swim at prolonged speeds along a 28-m circular track through still water in a 10-m diameter gantry tank. The maximum sustained swimming speed (Ums was measured as body lengths per second (b.l.s−1) for each species and for saithe of different size groups. Herring with Ums of 4.06 b.l.s−1 (25.3 cm, 13.5°C) were the fastest, mackerel Ums was 3.5 b.l.s1 (33 cm, 11.7°C) and saithe (14.4°C) showed a size effect where Ums at 25 cm was 3.5 b.l.s1 and at 50 cm 2.2 b.l.s1. When swimming at speeds higher that Ums, all three species showed reduced endurance as speed increased. How the curved track reduces the swimming speed is discussed.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1988.tb05468.x

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6

Digitale Medien

Burst swimming speeds of mackerel, Scomber scombrus L. (1988)

Wardle, C. S. ; He, P.

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Journal of fish biology 32 (1988), S. 0

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ISSN: 1095-8649

Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Thema: Biologie

Notizen: Burst swimming speeds were measured in mackerel 0.275–0.380 m long by filming newly caught fish, first released into a large shore-sited tank, using a high-speed cine camera and real time TV camera. The highest speed was 5.50 m s−1 or 18 body length per second (b.l. s−1) in a 0.305 m long mackerel at 12° C. The recorded maximum tail beat frequency of 18 Hz agrees well with 19 Hz predicted from the measured contraction time of 0.026 s for the anterior lateral swimming muscle. The stride length was close to 1 B.L.; the power, calculated from the drag, was 4.53 W, and, calculated from the muscle used, was 5.07 W; all suggesting that the mackerel is swimming close to its physiological limit.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1988.tb05382.x

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