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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The spatial pattern of vegetation in cut and grazed grass/white clover pastures (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 51 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The spatial patterns of white clover and sward surface height (SSH) that developed In established perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne)/white clover (Trifolium repens) pastures undercutting lent every 4 weeks to 5 cm) and gracing (continuously grazed with sheep to 5 cm) were measured. While clover cover was recorded in 1000 contiguous 5 × 5-cm quadrats down 50-m permanent transects from early spring to late autumn. Measurements of SSH were made at 10-cm intervals down the same transect. Spatial pattern was analysed using two-term local quadrat variance and patch-gap analysis. At least two scales of spatial pattern existed for white clover when defoliation treatments began. White clover was not distributed at random but found in patches (mean size = 1.1 m) where it was finely intermixed with grass. Patches, separated by gaps (regions of no clover) (mean size = 2.3 m), were in turn aggregated into ‘patches of patches’, separated by larger gaps (mean size = 4.1 m). Under grazing the pattern of patches and gaps did not alter. Under cutting, patch size increased and gap size decreased, explaining in part the greater mass and cover of white clover that arose in cut than grazed swards during the experiment. No new patches of white clover due to seedling establishment or clonal growth were observed in either cut or grazed swards. The intensity of pattern increased in both cut and grazed swards, but the increase was greater m cut swards. The initial single scale of spatial pattern of SSH of tall patches (mean size = 1.2 m) separated by short patches (mean size = 2.7 m) did not change under grazing. SSH became uniform under cutting. It is suggested that the response of plants to selective (spatially heterogeneous) grazing is a crucial factor in the development and maintenance of spatial pattern in grasslands. The importance of spatial pattern to our understanding and interpretation of plant-plant and plant-animal interactions and to the composition of temperate grasslands is considered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1996.tb02057.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relationship between vegetation state and bite dimensions of sheep grazing contrasting plant species and its implications for intake rate and diet selection (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 50 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: This study used both experimental evidence and a mathematical model to address some differences in interpretation in the literature on the relationship between sward height and the bite dimensions (bite depth, bite area and bite mass) of sheep grazing contrasting vegetation types. Individual non-fasted sheep were released onto small areas (10 × 10m) of white clover (Trifolium repens) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and bite dimensions were measured as they grazed across patches (0·7 × 0·7 m) of predetermined sward surface height (SSH). Sward heights were 4, 7, 10, 13 and 16cm for white clover patches and 4, 6, 5, 9, 11·5 and 14cm for ryegrass patches. Four sheep were assigned to each plant species and each sheep grazed one patch of each height (five patches/sheep). Bite depth, bite area and bite mass increased linearly with SSH in both white clover and ryegrass. At a given SSH, bite depth was similar in white clover and ryegrass, but bite area and bite mass were greater in white clover than in ryegrass. The linear relationships observed between bite mass and SSH contrasted with the asymptotic relationships observed in some other studies, but it is suggested that different relationships may arise because of methodological differences between studies. Furthermore, when linear relationships for bite mass were compared with asymptotic relationships for bite mass in a mechanistic model of animals grazing from ryegrass-white clover pastures it was demonstrated that the nature of the relationship had relatively little effect on the relationship between intake rate and SSH. This was because intake rate depended on the fundamental mechanistic relationship between bite mass and prehension bite rate. This relationship meant that the greater bite masses found when linear relationship were assumed were associated with reduced prehension bite rates and thus the effect on intake rate was relatively small. In addition, the predictions of the model regarding the bases of diet selection by animals grazing ryegrass-white clover mixtures were simplified, and stabilized, when linear relationships were assumed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1995.tb02332.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A modified method for the determination of quickly reacting aluminium (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    European journal of soil science 48 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Calculation of [Al3+] is necessary to understand geochemical processes involving aluminium. Quickly reacting aluminium is a quantity from which [Al3+] can be calculated. We have modified the method used to determine quickly reacting aluminium in soil leachates. The modifications consist of changing the reaction pH from 5·0 to 4·5 and increasing the reagent concentration from 4 to 12 mmol 1−1. The range of concentrations for which Beer's law applies has been increased up to 40 mg Al l−1 using a 20 μl injection volume. The sample throughput is 69–88 injections per hour, depending on concentration. A slight improvement in the buffering capacity has been obtained. The fractionation obtained is similar to that of the original method, except that a clearer separation is obtained for the complex AlHPO4+, enabling easier calculation of [Al3+].
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.1997.tb00221.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Carbon–Carbon Bond Synthesis: The Impact of rDNA Technology on the Production and Use of E. coli Transketolase (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 782 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1996.tb40589.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Population structure in the pan-oceanic wreckfish, Polyprion americanus (Teleostei: Polyprionidae), as indicated by mtDNA variation (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 49 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The wreckfish Polyprion americanus, a large [〉1 m total length (LT)] demersal teleost, is distributed globally in temperate waters, including both sides of the North and South Atlantic Oceans, the Mediterranean, the western South Pacific, and the southern Indian Ocean. Wreckfish spawn off the south-eastern U.S. on an area of the Blake Plateau (the Charleston Bump) characterized by an extensive ridge having approximately 100 m relief, in 450–600 m depths. Juvenile wreckfish (〈60 cm LT) are pelagic and, in the North Atlantic, are not reported from the Blake Plateau fishing area, but occur in by-catch and fishery landings in the eastern Atlantic. Analysis of nine restriction fragment length profiles from a PCR-amplified fragment (∼1.5 kb) of the ND1 mitochondrial gene indicated no stock separation between eastern North Atlantic (Azores, Majorca, Madeira), and western North Atlantic (Blake Plateau) wreckfish. Restriction site differences separate western South Atlantic wreckfish from the North Atlantic; however, South Atlantic wreckfish share restriction-site similarities with western Pacific wreckfish that are not shared with North Atlantic wreckfish. North Atlantic circulation provides a mechanism for a long-lived pelagic stage to be dispersed from Blake Plateau spawning grounds to the eastern North Atlantic. Global circulation patterns may explain both the dispersal of mtDNA haplotypes and the disjunct distribution of wreckfish body lengths in a temperate, deep-water vagile species with an extended pelagic juvenile stage such as wreckfish.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1996.tb06085.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pathogenicity of A and B morphotypes of Sphaeropsis sapinea confirmed on American larch (tamarack) and European larch (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Forest pathology 27 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0329
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Fungi identified as Sphaeropsis sapinea (or synonyms) have been reported from Larix. Lack of pathogenicity tests, confusion about the identity of isolates mentioned in previous literature, and existence of distinct populations (A and B morphotypes) of the pathogen indicated the need to evaluate the ability of S. sapinea to cause disease of larch. Elongating snoot tips of Larix decidua, Larix laricina, and known hosts of the pathogen, Pinus banksiana and Pinus resinosa, were inoculated with water-agar plugs colonized with an A or a B isolate, or sterile plugs (controls). Each of five replications included five seedlings for each treatment-species combination. After 6 weeks, no symptoms had developed on control seedlings, but two-way analyses of variance revealed significant effects of isolate morpnotype and host on both incidence and severity of disease (values of p ≤ 0.01). The A isolate killed almost all shoot tips, but the B isolate killed from no P. resinosa shoots to 56% of L. laricina shoots. The average length of shoot killed by the A isolate was also greater than that killed by the B isolate. Response to the B isolate again varied among species, with greater average lengths of shoot killed on the larches (compared with the pines). Both A and B morphotypes of 5. sapinea should be considered among the fungi encountered on L. decidua and L. laricina.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0329.1997.tb01084.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Haploid plantlet screening in the development of blackleg resistant DH lines of Brassica napus (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant breeding 117 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0523
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: This study was conducted to expedite disease-resistance breeding in canola by screening haploid plants against blackleg disease. Microspore-derived haploid plantlets from 14 unrelated crosses were inoculated with Leptosphaeria maculans pycnidiospores and were rated as resistant, intermediate or susceptible. Blackleg-inoculated and control haploid plants were then colchicine-treated to produce doubled haploid (DH) lines. The DH lines thus produced were again screened against blackleg using the cotyledon bioassay. In general, the proportion of the resistant DH lines derived from selected resistant haploid plants was much higher than the proportion of resistant DH lines from control haploid populations. There was no detrimental effect on the survival of haploid plants after the combined treatment of blackleg inoculation and colchicine. The importance of the micro-environment on the final outcome of plant-pathogen interaction in case of non-obligate pathogens is also discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0523.1998.tb01460.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Similarity between fungi identified as Diplodia pinea f. sp. cupressi in Israel and Botryosphaeria stevensii or Diplodia mutila on Juniperus in the United States (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Forest pathology 28 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0329
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A fungus identified as Botryosphaeria stevensii (anamorph Diplodia mutila) causes a canker disease that results in dieback of Juniperus species in the United States. A fungus identified as Diplodia pinea f. sp. cupressi causes a similar disease of Cupressus species in Israel and elsewhere. Cultural characteristics, pycnidia, and conidia of isolates of these two pathogens were compared. The ability of each fungus to produce cankers on Cupressus sempervirens was tested. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) marker patterns also were analysed, using Sphaeropsis sapinea (syn. Diplodia pinea) isolates as an outgroup. Results indicate the fungus identified as D. pinea f. sp. cupressi from cypress in Israel is the same as, or at least highly similar to, the fungus identified as B. stevensii (or D. mutila) from juniper in the United States. Analysis of RAPD markers indicates relatively low similarity between these isolates and those of S. sapinea. Because these results are consistent with a previously published report describing substantial morphological and isozyme differences between isolates identified as D. pinea f. sp. cupressi and those of S. sapinea, use of the name D. pinea f. sp. cupressi should be abandoned. Inconsistencies between these isolates from juniper and cypress and published descriptions of B. stevensii and D. mutila, however, indicate the need for additional investigation into the relationship of these fungi.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0329.1998.tb01163.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determining an Optimal Sampling Frequency for Measuring Bulk Temporal Changes in Ground-Water Quality (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 34 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: In the Data Quality Objectives (DQO) process, statistical methods are used to determine an optimal sampling and analysis plan. When the DQO decision rule for instituting remedial actions is based on a critical change in water quality, the monitoring program design must ensure that this change can be detected and measured with a specified confidence. Usually the focus is on the change at a single monitoring location and the process is limited to addressing the uncertainty inherent in the analytical methods and the variability at that location. However, new strategies that permit ranking the waste sites and prioritizing remedial activities require the means for assessing overall changes for small regions over time, where both spatial and temporal variability exist and where the uncertainty associated with these variations far exceeds measurement error. Two new methods for assessing these overall changes have been developed and are demonstrated by application to a waste disposal site in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. These methods incorporate historical data where available and allow the user to either test the statistical significance of a linear trend or of an annual change compared to a baseline year for a group of water quality wells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1996.tb02043.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    “Evidence for Ground Water Circulation in the Brine-Filled Aquitard, Oak Ridge, Tennessee” by Ronit Nativ, Amy Halleran, and Arnold Hunley (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 36 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1998.tb02185.x
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