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Phenotypic plasticity of the phenology of seven European tree species in relation to climatic warming (1995)

KRAMER, K.

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Plant, cell & environment 18 (1995), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-3040

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Biology

Notes: To evaluate the potential responses of individual trees to climatic warming, phenological observations of clones of Larix decidua (Mill.), Betula pubescens (Ehrh.), Tilia cor-data (Mill.), Populus canescens (Ait.), Quercus robur (L.), Fagus sylvatica (L.) and Picea abies (L.) relocated over a large latitudinal range in Europe were analysed. The magnitude of the response of the clone was compared to that of genetically different trees of the same species in part of the latitudinal range, which were assumed to have adapted to their local climates. It was found that the responses of the date of leaf unfolding and the date of leaf fall in the clones to temperature were similar in magnitude to those in the genetically different trees. This demonstrates that trees possess considerable plasticity and are able to respond phenotypically to a major change in their local climate.For the clones of Larix decidua and Quercus robur the duration of the growing season may decrease with increasing temperature, because leaf fall is advanced more than leaf unfolding. In Betula pubescens and Populus canescens, leaf unfolding and leaf fall are advanced equally, whereas in Tilia cordata and Fagus sylvatica the date of leaf fall seems to be unaltered but the date of leaf unfolding advances with increasing temperature. These differences in the duration of the growing season at increased temperature may alter the competitive balance between the species.Descriptive dynamic models showed that most of the variance in the date of leaf unfolding can be accounted for by temperature. However, a generally applicable model of leaf fall based on temperature and/or photoperiod could not improved the null model, i.e. the mean date of leaf fall, because of variability in other environmental factors.The lowest temperatures around the dates of leaf unfolding and leaf fall differed among the clones. The hypothesis that the survival of the clones is curtailed by spring frosts was supported. Thus, these lowest temper-tures around leaf unfolding may represent thresholds below which the species cannot survive. It is argued that these thresholds may be a particularly sensitive means to evaluate the impact of climatic warming on the geographical distribution of tree species.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1995.tb00356.x

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Sensitivity of FORGRO to climatic change scenarios: A case study on Betula pubescens, Fagus sylvatica and Quercus robur in The Netherlands (1996)

Kramer, K. ; Mohren, G. M. J.

Springer

Climatic change 34 (1996), S. 231-237

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ISSN: 1573-1480

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Geosciences , Physics

Notes: Abstract The impacts of the climate change predictions of four general circulation models (GFDL, GISS, OSU and UKMO) on net primary production (NPP) ofBetula pubescens, Fagus sylvatica and Quercus robur in The Netherlands were analysed using the process-based model FORGRO. FORGRO is a model suitable to simulate growth of managed mono-species stands. For the GCMs mentioned, both transient and equilibrium 2 × CO2 scenarios of temperature and precipitation change were evaluated and compared with responses under current climate. It was found that the NPP increases in the transient scenarios, but remains the same or declines in the 2 × CO2 scenarios. This is because respiration increases more with rising temperature than photosynthesis. During the transient scenarios this effect gradually increases, while in the 2 × CO2 scenario this effect is operating over the entire simulation period. If water limitation is taken into account, then the NPP of the reference scenario is reduced. In both the transient and 2 × CO2 scenarios mis water limitation is annulated, resulting in a stronger response of NPP compared to the situation without water limitation. This enhancement of the response is most pronounced in the transient scenario due to the gradual effect of temperature on respiration. Similar results were obtained with a version of FORGRO in which the photosynthesis module of HYBRID (PGEN) is incorporated, although the response in FORGRO-PGEN is usually higher than that of FORGRO. This is because the response of photosynthesis to CO2 rises with increasing temperature as defined in the PGEN-model, but not according to FORGRO.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224634

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Interlaboratory studies to improve the quality of mercury determination in seawater (1996)

Quevauviller, P. ; Kramer, K. J. M. ; der Vlies, E. M. ; [et al.]

Springer

Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 356 (1996), S. 411-415

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ISSN: 1618-2650

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology

Notes: Abstract Determinations of pollutants in various matrices are routinely performed by a number of organizations for monitoring contamination levels of the marine environment. Projects for improving the quality of determinations of trace metals in seawater have been successfully concluded within the scope of the BCR-Programme (now renamed Standards, Measurements and Testing Programme) of the European Commission; however, the determination of total mercury could not be considered at this stage both because of the poor analytical performances observed and the unsuitability of the containers (polyethylene) used for the seawater certified reference material (CRM 579). A specific project has therefore been organized to improve the state of the art of Hg determination in seawater and to investigate the best way of storing a candidate CRM. Two interlaboratory studies have been concluded and a certification campaign has now started. The materials have been collected in the Southern Bight of the North Sea, carefully prepared (filtered and acidified) and their homogeneity and stability were verified. This paper presents the results of the two interlaboratory studies.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s0021663560411

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Certified reference material for the quality control of cadmium, copper nickel and zinc determination in estuarine water (CRM 505) (1996)

Quevauviller, Ph. ; Kramer, K. J. M. ; Vinhas, T.

Springer

Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 354 (1996), S. 397-404

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ISSN: 1618-2650

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology

Notes: Abstract Analyses of estuarine water samples are routinely carried out by a number of laboratories to monitor the level of environmental contamination by toxic substances, e.g. heavy metals. A series of interlaboratory studies has been organised by the Community Bureau of Reference, BCR (now renamed Standards, Measurements and Testing Programme) to improve the quality of the determinations of selected trace metals in estuarine water samples. The improvement achieved allowed to produce a reference material (CRM 505) which was certified for its content of Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn. Further improvements were considered to be necessary for the certification of other trace elements, e.g. Pb. This material was collected in the Tagus Estuary, carefully prepared (filtered and acidified) and its homogeneity and long term stability were verified. This paper presents the work performed for the certification of Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn. Indicative values are reported for As, Co, Fe, Mn, Pb and V.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s0021663540397

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